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NIGHT SCHOOL 
LESSONS 


For Use With O’Brien English for Foreigners, 
Book I 



AMERICANIZATION COMMITTEE 
BOARD OF EDUCATION 
Duluth, Minn. 



















































- • • 


























• » 











































































. 










































■ . 



























































































































t 








JEAN DULUTH 






' - ' —*-- 



A Course of Study in English, Reading, Phonics, 
Arithmetic, Spelling, Civics, History, Geography 
- FOR use in - 

THE DULUTH PUBLIC NIGHT SCHOOLS 

In Assisting Foreign-Born Men and Women 
to Assume the Responsibilities of 

CITIZENSHIP 


TO BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH 

O’Brien— English for Foreigners I. 
O’Brien— English for Foreigners II. 

Moley & Cook— Lessons in Democracy. 
Plass— Civics for Americans in the Making 


PREPARED BY 

THE AMERICANIZATION COMMITTEE 
and THE BOARD OF EDUCATION 
Duluth, Minn. — August, 1921 


Copyright 1921 by The Americanization Committee and The Board of Education 

Duluth, Minn. 









IV 



PREFACE 

Nearly all texts in English for the foreign-born are 
written to fit the conditions found in eastern cities. 
The student in the night school wishes to know about 
his own city and state. These lessons have been written 
to supply this information. Any text for any school is 
out of date before it is printed. These lessons will sup¬ 
ply recent information to the student. No text ever fits 
all situations. After selecting the best texts available, 
it was still necessary to meet deficiencies, to fill gaps 
left by the textbook writer. These lessons were writ¬ 
ten to meet these needs. 

In compiling the material, The Americanization 
Committee, which is a citizens’ committee, and the 
Board of Education have cooperated very closely. Busi¬ 
ness men have been consulted freely in regard to the 
material included in the industrial lessons. 



FEB 21 I9 22® GlA654725 


j 





^ REFERENCES 

At the end of nearly all of the lessons will be found 
references to other books in which supplementary ma¬ 
terial may be found. For example: The lesson on The 
Post Office, page 131, has in the lower left-hand corner 
the references: 

O’B I p. 107 
M&C p. 62-64 
Plass p. 59 

You will find in O’Brien’s English for Foreigners, 
Book I, page 107; Moley & Cook’s Lessons in Democracy, 
page 62-64; and in Plass’ Civics for Americans in the 
Making, page 59, material on the same subject or a very 
similar subject. These references, together with the N 
index of lessons, will enable the busy teacher to find 
the available material readily. 


DIRECTIONS TO THE TEACHER 

All beginning classes should read the lessons from 
“What is This,” to and including, “The Thermometer,’’ 
pages 1 to 27 before reading any part of the text, 
O’Brien’s English for Foreigners, Book I. The student 
should then begin to read on page 17 in the text, sup¬ 
plementing the text with material found in these les¬ 
sons as well as that in Moley & Cook’s Lessons in Dem¬ 
ocracy, and Plass’ Civics for Americans in the Making. 
These references will be found in the index and at the 
bottom of each lesson. For more specific directions see 
mimeographed teachers’ manual. 






VI 


Night School Lessons—Set I for Beginners 


What is This?..... 

Show Me..„.... 

Give Me........ 

By, Into, On.. 

Point To.,. 

Can You... 

I Have . 

What Can You Do?.. 

99,000 People Live in Duluth. 

Duluth is 24 Miles Long. 

A Big House Costs $8,000_. 

Streets in Duluth. 

Avenues in Duluth. 

Where Is_... 

From, Under, To. 

Minnesota Point is 6 1-2 miles long... 

He, She, It . 

They..... 

The Boulevard is Eleven Miles Long 

The Right of Way. 

Night School.. 

Our Flag_. 

Names.. 

How Do You Do?... 

My Daily Work. 

I Am. 

There are 141 Factories in Duluth 

The Garden. 

Wheat . 

Meats.. 

Babies.. 

Street Car Sign s. 

The Thermome ter. 

Phonics... 

A Common Use of S No. I. 

A Common use. of S No. II 

Is, Are, or Am. 

Future Time. . . 

Going to Minneapolis. 

Er and Est. 

Plurals I.... 

Into and In. 

More Prepositions. 


N.S.L.I j CTB! 
1 
1 
2 
3 

3 

4 

5 

6 
7 
7 


Sheep. 

House and Street Numbers.. 

Can and May. 

Every Day Problems. 


9i 

9 

lOj 

12 i 

13 

13 

15 

1.61 

17 

18 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 

24 

25 
25 
26! 
26j 

27 j 
27 
28-491 
50 
52 
52 
541 

55 

56 
58 
591 
60 
61 
631 
64 

eel 


M. & C- Plass 


17 

!7 

22 

22 

271 

32 

41 

481 

48 

56 

57 

57 

58 
59 ! 






_ 































































VII 


Night School Lessons—Set I For Beginners 


N.^.L.I 

O’B I 

M. & C 

A or An ... 

68 

59 


Practical Problems. 

71 

60 


House and Garden Problems.. 

73 

61 


Fourth of July in a Little Town. 

75 

62 


Buying Goods. 

75 

63 


Buying Groceries. 

77 

67 


Buying Meats. 

81 

68 


The Garment Factory. 

82 

73 


Free Legal Aid Bureau. 

83 

76 


Statements and Questions. 

84 

79 


How to Use Some Common Words 




No. I ..... 

85 

80 


Was and Were. .. 

89 

80 


How to Use Some Common Words 




No. II ... 

90 

80 


St. Louis River. 

94 

81 


Lake Superior.. . 

94 

82 


Buying Coal and Wood.. 

95 

82 


Coal and Iron. 

97 

82 


Iron Mining in Minnesota.r 

98 

83 


Logging in Minnesota. 

99 

89 


The Sawmill .. 

101 

' 89 


The Thorson Family. 

101 

89 


Wages. . 

103 

90 


This and That. 

106 

94 


Pronouns. 

107 

94 


Interest.. 

109 

94 


Thrift... 

111 

94 

135-138 

Do and Does.. 

124 

98 


How to Use Some Common Words 




No. Ill. 

126 

98 


Between and Among.. 

128 

99 


Paying the Bills. 

129 

104 


The Post Office. 

131 

107 

62-64 

Groups... 

133 

111 


Social Customs of America. 

135 

112 


Buying Dry Goods. 

137 

114 

- 

Phrases. 

138 

115 

116-125 

A Trip to Lester Park.. 

139 

116 

Proverbs and Quotations. 

140 

118 


Learn and Teach. 

143 

122 


How to Use Some Common Words 




No. IV. 

144 

122 

• 

Henry W. Longfellow... 

146 

122 


The Story of Duluth. 

148 

123 


Fr. Louis Hennepin ...\... 

150 

123 


Public Signs. 

152 

125 


Night School Club. 

153 

i 126 

































































VIII 


Night School Lessons—Set I for Beginners 


. . . 

N.S.L.I 

O’B I 

M. & C. 

1 

Plass 

Painncr TflYPS . 

153 

126 

86-89 

15 

Duluth’s Commission Form of Gov¬ 
ernment .. 

155 

128 

76-80 

18-20-24 

Attendance Officer . 

157 

128' 



Police Department . 

158 

131 

114-116! 

3-5 

Safety First . 

160 

133! 



Fire Department . 

162 

133 

111-114 

6-7 

Street Department .. 

162 

136 


14 

The Health Departrrfent. 

164 

137! 

64-66, 90-99) 

8-11 

Free Clinics—Tuberculosis and Baby 
Abbreviations . 

165 

166 

137 

138i 

99-101 

12-13 

The American Citizen. 

168 

140 

150-154, 

- 

State Labor Inspector . 

173 

142 

164-169 
751 

112, 114-126 
33, 36 

Longfellow—Paul Revere’s Ride. 

Spelling .. 

174 

179 

149 

1 



A Map of the United States. 

Inside Back Cover 



The English Alphabet 


A 

a 

J 

i 

k 

s 

s 

B 

b 

K 

T 

t 

C 

c 

L 

1 

U 

u 

D 

a 

M 

m 

V 

V 

E 

e 

N 

n 

w 

w 

F 

f 

O 

o 

X 

X 

G 

g 

P 

P 

Y 

y 

H 

h 

Q 

q 

Z 

z 

I 

i 

R 

r 

& 






































What is This? 


1 


1. What is this? 

It is a book. 

2. What is this? 

It is a pencil. 

3. What is this? 

It is a chair. 

4. What is this? 

It is a door. 

5. What is this? 

It is a window. 

6. What is this? 

It is the blackboard. 

7. What is this? 

It is chalk. 


1. What is this? 

2. It is. 

3. book 

4. pencil 

5. chair 


6. door 

7. window 

8. blackboard 

9. chalk 

10. a 

11. the 


Show Me 

1. Show me a book. 

This is a book. 

2. Show me a pencil. 

This is a pencil. 

3. Show me a chair. 

This is a chair. 

4. Show me a door. 

This is a door. 

5. Show me a window. 

This is a window. 

6. Show me the blackboard. 
This is the blackboard. 





7. Show me the chalk. 

This is the chalk. 

8. Show me a paper. 

This is a paper. 

9. Show me a desk. 

This is a desk. 

1. Show me. 3. paper 

2. This is. 4. desk 


Give Me 

1. Give me a book, please. 

Here is a book. 

Thank you. 

2. Give me a pencil, please. 
Here is a pencil. 

Thank you. 

3. Give me some chalk, please. 
Here is some chalk. 

Thank you. 

4. Give me a chair, please. 
Here is a chair. 

Thank you. 

5. Give me some paper, please. 
Here is some paper. 

Thank you. 

6. Give me s'ome ink, please. 
Here is some ink. 

Thank you. 

7. Give me a knife, please. 
Here is a knife. 

Thank you. 

1. Give me. 4. please 

2. Here is. 5. ink 

3. Thank you. 6. knife 

7. some 




8 


By, Into, On 

1. Put the book on the desk, please. 

2. Put the book into the desk, please. 

3. Put the pencil on the book, please. 

4. Put the pencil into the book, please. 

5. Put the chalk on the desk, please. 

6. Put the chalk into the desk, please. 

7. Put the pen on the chair, please. 

8. Put the pen on the desk, please. 

9. Put the paper into the book, please. 

10. Put the chair by the door, please. 

11. Put the chair by the window, please. 

12. Put the chair by the desk, please. 

13. Put the pencil by the book, please. 

14. Put the pencil by the paper, please. 

15. Put the chalk by the blackboard, please. 


1. put 

2. by 

3. into 

4. on 


Point to 


1. Point to your head, please. 
This is my head. 

2. Point to your nose, please. 
This is my nose. 

3. Point to your mouth, please. 
This is my mouth. 

4. Point to your eye, please. 
This is my eye. 

5. Point to your ear, please. 
This is my ear. 

6. Point to your hand, please. 
This is my hand. 

7. Point to your foot, please. 
This is my foot. 



8. Point to your arm, please. 
This is my arm. 

9. Point to your leg, please. 
This is my leg. 


1. head 

2. nose 

3. mouth 

4. eye 

5. ear 

6. hand 


7. foot 

8. arm 

9. leg 

10. your 

11. my 

12. Point to. 

13. is 

14. this 


Can You? 


l. 



Can you walk? 

Yes, I can walk. 

2. Can you walk to the door? 

Yes, I can walk to the door. 
Show me, please. 

3. Can you run? 

Yes, I can run. 

4. Can you run to the window? 
Yes, l ean run to the window. 
Show me, please. 

Can you jump? 

Yes, I can jump. 

Show me, please. 

6. Can you count? 

Yes, I can count. 

7. Can you count to 10? 

Yes, I can count to 10. 

Show me, please. 

Can you read? 

Yes, I can read. 

Can you read a book? 

Yes. I can read a book. 


5. 






5 


10. Can you laugh? 

Yes, I can laugh. 

Show me, please. 

11. Can you cough? 

Yes, I can cough. 

Show me, please. 

12. Can you clap your hands? 
Yes, I can clap my hands. 
Show me, please. 

13. Can you whistle? 

Yes, I can whistle. 

Show me, please. 


Can you? 

5. run 

9. laugh 

I can. 

6. jump 

10. cough 

walk 

7. count 

11. clap 

to 

8. read 

12. whistle 



13. yes 


I Have 



1. How many eyes have you? 

I have two eyes. 

2. How many ears have you? 

I have two ears. 

3. How many mouths have you? 
I have one mouth. 

4. How many noses have you? 

I have one nose. 

5. How many feet have you? 

I have two feet. 

6. How many pencils have you? 

I have_pencils. 

7. Have you a knife? 

Yes. I have a knife. 




6 



Have you a book? 
Yes, I have a book. 

have 

I 

How many 

one 

two 


What Can You Do? 

What can you do with your eyes? 

I can see with my eyes. 

What can you do with your ears? 

I can hear with my ears. 

What can you do with your mouth? 

I can eat with my mouth. 

What can you do with your nose? 

I can smell with my nose. 

What can you do with your hands? 

I can work with my hands. 

What can you do with your feet? 

I can walk with my feet. 

What can you do with your pencil? 

I can write on paper with my pencil. 

What can you do with the chalk? 

I can write on the blackboard with the chalk. 
What can you do with a knife? 

I can cut with a knife. 


what 

9. smell 

can 

10. work 

you 

11. feet 

do 

12. write 

with 

13. I 

see 

14. cut 

hear 


eat 







99,000 People Live in Duluth 

Duluth is a city. 

Duluth is a big city. 

99,000 people live in Duluth. 

The boy lives in Duluth. 

The man lives in Duluth. 

I live in Duluth. 

The boy and the man live in the city. 
The boy and the man live in Duluth. 
99,000 people live in Duluth. 

people city 

live Duluth 

lives and 

boy 
man 


Duluth is 24 Miles Long 

Duluth is a big city. 

99,000 people live in Duluth. 

Duluth is a long city. 

Duluth is 24 miles long. 

One mile is 5280 feet long. 

One mile is 12 blocks long in Duluth. 
A block is 400 feet long in Duluth. 
The man walks 12 blocks. 

The man walks one mile. 

The boy walks 24 blocks. 

The boy walks two miles. 

Two miles is a long walk. 

The man walks 24 miles. 

24 miles is a long walk. 


8 


Duluth is 24 miles long. 

How long is a block in Duluth? 
How long is the city of Duluth? 
How many feet in a mile? 


long 

block 

mile 

how 


many 

one 

two 

feet 


A Big House Costs $8,000 


This woman lives in Duluth. 

She lives in a house in Duluth. 

This girl lives in a house. 

She lives in a house in Duluth. 

The man and the boy live in the house. 

The house is a big house. 

A big house has seven rooms in it. 

A big house costs $8,000 in Duluth. 

A little house has four rooms in it. 

A little house costs $5,000 in Duluth. 

The big house is on 1st street. 

The woman and the girl live on 1st street. 

On what street do you live? 

How many rooms are in your house? 

What is the cost of a big house on your street? 
What is the cost of a lot on your street? 

woman rooms 

girl street 

house lot 

has big 

it little 

cost seven 

costs four 


Streets in Duluth 

Superior street is a long street. 

I walk south from Superior street to the lake. 

Point to the south, please. 

I walk north from Superior street to the hills. 
Point to the north, please. 

I stand on Superior street. 

I walk one block north from Superior street. 

I come to 1st street north. 

I stand on Superior street. 

I walk two blocks north from Superior street. 

I come to 2d street north. 

I walk three blocks north from Superior street and 
I come to 3d street north. 

How many blocks north from Superior street is 4th 
street? 


Do you live north or south of Superior street? 

Superior 

three 

south 

do 

north 

or 

come 

from 

lake 

stand 

hills 



Avenues in Duluth 

The streets in Duluth go east. 

Point to the east, please. 

The streets in Duluth go west. 

Point to the west, please. 

The streets in Duluth go east and west. 
The avenues in Duluth go north. 

The avenues in Duluth go south. 




The avenues go north and south. 

Lake Avenue goes north and south. 

The Aerial bridge is on Lake avenue. 

I stand on Lake avenue. 

I walk two blocks west to 2d avenue west. 

The Y. W. C. A. building is on 2d avenue west. 

I walk three blocks west from Lake avenue. 

I come to 3d avenue west. 

The Y. M. C. A. building is on 3d avenue west. 

I walk two blocks east from Lake avenue. 

I come to 2d avenue east. 

The Orpheum theater is on 2d avenue east. 

Where is the Union station? 

The Union station is on 5th avenue west and Michi¬ 
gan street. 

How many blocks is 5th avenue from Lake avenue? 
The Soo station is on 6th avenue west and Superior 
street. 

How many blocks is the Soo station from Lake 
avenue? 


east 

west 

go 

Union station 
Y. W. C. A. 


avenue 
Aerial bridge 
Y. M. C. A. 
Orpheum theater 
Soo station 


Where is 


1. Where is the United States Post Office? 

The United States Post Office is on 1st street 
and 5th avenue west. 

2. Where is the County Court House? 

The County Court House is on 2nd street and 
5th avenue west. 




11 




Where is the Aerial bridge? 

The Aerial bridge is on Lake avenue south. 

Where is the Central high school? 

The Central high school is on Lake avenue and 
2d street north. 

Where is the Public library? 

The Public library is on 1st avenue west and 2d 
street. 

Where is the Orpheum theater? 

The Orpheum theater is on 2d avenue east and 
Superior street. 

Where is the Y. W. C. A. building? 

The Y. W. C. A. is on 2d avenue west and 2d 
street. 

Where is the City Hall? 

The City Hall is on Superior street and 2d 
avenue east. 

Where is the Soo station? 

Where is the Omaha station? 

Where is your home? 

Where is your school? 


where 

United States 
Post Office 
county 


Court House 
Central high school 
City Hall 
Public library 
Omaha 


} 




From, Under, To 

Please do these things: 

1. Put a book into the desk. 

2. Take the book from the desk. 

3. Put the book on the desk. 

4. Take a piece of paper from the desk. 

5. Put a piece of paper under the book. 

6. Put the piece of paper on the book. 

7. Put the piece of paper into the book. 

8. Take the piece of paper from the book. 

9. Give the piece of paper to your teacher. 

10. Take a piece of chalk from the blackboard. 

11. Put the piece of chalk under an eraser. 

12. Take a knife from your pocket. 

13. Give the knife to a man. 

14. Take the knife from the man. 

15. Put the knife into your pocket. 

16. Put your hand on a book. 

17. Take your hand from the book. 

18. Put your hand under the book. 

piece under 

teacher take 

eraser these 

pocket things 




Minnesota Point is 6 t Miles Long 

Minnesota Point is 61 miles long. 

Minnesota Point is south of Superior street. 

We go on the Aerial bridge to get to Minnesota Point. 
The Duluth Boat Club is on Minnesota Point. 

How long is Minnesota Point? 

How long is the city of Duluth? 

How many blocks are in one mile in Duluth? 

How many feet are in one mile?- 
There are 5280 feet in one mile. 

12 inches make one foot. 

24 inches make two feet. 

36 inches make 3 feet. 

How many inches are in one foot? 

There are twelve inches in one foot. 

How many feet are in one yard? 

There are three feet in one yard. 

How many feet are in two yards? 

How many inches are in one yard? 

Minnesota Point is 6 \ miles long. 


we 

get 

inches 

yard 


make 

twelve 

Minnesota Point 
Duluth Boat Club 


He, She, It 


man 


woman 


book 

boy 

He 

girl 

She 

pencil 

father 

mother 

door 

son 


daughter 


chain 

house 


HE 

1. The man lives in a city. 

He lives in a city. 

2. The boy walks two blocks to school. 
^ He walks two blocks to school. 








14 


3. The father works at the Minnesota Steel Plant. 
He works at the Minnesota Steel Plant. 

4. *The son lives on Lake avenue. 

He lives on Lake avenue. 

SHE 

5. The woman lives in a big house. 

She lives in a big house. 

6. The girl walks three blocks to school. 

She walks three blocks to school. 

7. The mother walks to the Y. W. C. A. building. 
She walks to the Y. W. C. A. building. 

8. The daughter works in the Y. W. C. A. building. 
She works in the Y. W. C. A. building. 

IT 

9. The book is red. 

It is red. 

.0. The pencil is broken. 

It is broken. 

11. The door is open. 

' It is open. 

12. The chair is by the window. 

It is by the window. 

13. The house has four rooms. 

It has four rooms. 


1. The father has two sons. 

---has two sons. 

2. The mother walks to the store. 
-walks to the store. 

3. The son has an autombile. 
-has an automobile. 

4. The boy has a red book. 

V -has a red book. 








5. 


The girl has a red hat. 


has a red hat. 


6. The pencil is on my desk. 

--is on my desk. 

7. The house is on Superior street. 

_is on Superior street. 

8. The man walks one mile. 

___walks one mile. 

9. Duluth is 24 miles long. 

_is 24 miles long. 

10. Mary lives in a little house. 

_lives in a little house. 

11. Mr. Maki works at the Minnesota Steel Plant. 
_works at the Minnesota Steel Plant. 


an 

Mary 

he 

store 

she 

mother 

it 

father 

son 

broken 

red 

building 

hat 

automobile 


Minnesota Steel Plant 


THEY 


1. The man and the woman live on 21st avenue west. 
They live on 21st avenue west. 

2. The boy and the girl go to school. 

They go to school. 

3. The book and the hat are red. 

They are red. 












1. Mary and Lily are eating dinner. 

_are eating dinner. 

2. The people can hear the boats whistle. 
_can hear the boats whistle. 

3. My mother and father live in Minneapolis. 
_live in Minneapolis. 

4. Four books are in my desk. 

_are in my desk. 

5. The children are jumping rope. 

_are jumping rope. 

6. The men are reading the newspaper. 

_are reading the newspaper. 

7. The family are in church. 

_are in church. 


men 

family 

rope 

reading 

they 

jumping 

Lily 

children 

church 

newspaper 

eating 

Minneapolis 


The Boulevard is Eleven Miles Long 

A man and a woman are on the Boulevard. 

The Boulevard is on the hill. 

The Boulevard is eleven miles long. 

The man and the woman can see Lake Superior. 

They can see Minnesota Point. 

They can see the Aerial bridge. 

They can see many boats on Lake Superior. 

The boats go under the Aerial bridge. 










THE AERIAL BRIDGE 


Page 10 



7 ] 

i 

/ 

/ 





*« r 


rnmm 



AN OLD TALLYHO ON THE BOULEVARD 























































































< 





THEY MADE THEIR HATS 


Page 18 


T 


































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































17 


The woman can see many houses. 

She can see blocks of houses. 
x She can see the Central high school. 

X She can see the Alworth building. 

A" The Alworth building is sixteen stories high. 
The man can see streets and avenues. 

He can see many people on the streets. 

X He can see many automobiles on the streets. 

The man and the woman go down the hill, 
x They go down Lake avenue. 

Ar~They go on the Aerial bridge. 

They walk on Minnesota Point. 


high 

blocks 

eleven 

streets 

sixteen 

avenues 

Alworth 

houses 

stories 

boats 


down 


The Right of Way 

The man on the street must go to the right when he 
meets people. 

A driver of an automobile must go to the right when he 
meets an automobile on the street or avenue. 

A driver going down the avenue must give the right of 
way to the automobile on his right when he comes to a street. 

A driver going down the avenue must not give the right 
of way to the automobile on his left when he comes to a street. 


must 

comes 

when 

right 

meets 

way 

driver 

not 

an 

left 

or 

his 


18 


Night School 

The woman wants to go to night school. What can she 
learn in night school? She can learn to read. She can learn 
to read well. 

She can learn to cook. She can learn to keep house. 
Every woman wants to cook and keep house well. 

She can learn how to make a dress. Every woman wants 
to learn how to make a dress. 

She can learn how to make hats in night school. She 
can have many hats. This woman can learn many things in 
night school. 


wants 

night 

cook 

keep 

learn 


well 

every 

dress 

hats 


Our Flag 

The United States is a country. 

Every country has a flag.- 
The United States has a flag. 

Our flag has 48 stars on it. 

The United States has 48 states in it. 

One star stands for one state. 

The 48 stars stand for 48 states. 

Our flag has 13 stripes. 

The United States had 13 states in the year 1776. 
One stripe stands for one state of the year 1776. 
>c The 13 stripes stand for the 13 states of 1776. 
Our flag is red, white, and blue. 


19 


Seven stripes are red. 
Six stripes are white. 
Salute the flag. 


sin 

state 

red 

white 

our 

salute 

flag 

stripes 

blue 

country 

stars 

United States 



Names 

1. What is the name of your teacher? 

The name of my teacher is_ 

2. What is your name? 

My name is_ 

3. W T hat is your first name? 

My first name is_ 

4. What is the name of this city? 

The name of this city is Duluth. 

5. What are the names of the days of the week? 

The names of the days of the week are Sunday, Monday, 
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. 

6. What are the names of the months of the year? 

The names of the months of the year are January, Febru¬ 
ary, March, April, May, June, July, August, Septem¬ 
ber, October, November, and December. 










7. What are the names of the seasons of the year? 

The names of the seasons of the year are spring, summer, 
autumn, and winter. 

8. What are the names of the spring months? . 

The names of the spring months are March, April, and 

May. 

9. What are the names of the summer months? 

The names of the summer months are June, July, and 
August. 

10. What are the names of the autumn months? 

The names of the autumn months are September, October, 
and November. 

11. What are the names of the winter months? 

The names of the winter months are December, January, 
and February. 

12. How many days are in a week? 

13. How many days are in a year? 

14. How many days are in January? 

15. How many days are in June? 

16. How many days are in February? 

17. How many seasons in a year? 



teacher 

name 

first 


day 

week 

month 


year 

season 

spring 


winter 

summer 

autumn 


How Do You Do? 

How do you do? 

I am well, thank you. 

What is your name? 

My name is __ 

On what street do you live? 

I live on_ 






What is your house number? 

My house number is_ 

Are you married? 

I am___ 

Have you any children? 

I have_children. 


Where were you born? 
I was born in__ 


How long have you lived in this country? 

I have lived in this country __ 

How old are you? 

I am_years old. 

What is your nationality? 

My nationality is___ 

Where do you work? 

I work_ 

What do you do? 

I___-_ 


Goodbye. 


Goodbye. 


am 

lived 

old 

married 

any 

country 

were 

number 

born 

nationality 

well 



My Daily Work 

I get up in the morning at_^o'clock. 

I eat my breakfast at_o'clock. 

I begin my work at_o'clock. 
















22 


I eat my lunch at_o’clock. 

I begin my work again at--o’clock. 

I stop work at_o’clock. 

I get home at_,_o’clock. 

I eat my dinner at_o’clock. 

I go to night school at_o’clock. 

I go home from night school at_ o’clock. 

What time is it now? 

These numbers are on the clock: 

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 
Read these numbers. Write these numbers. 


up 

clock 

at 

o’clock 

begin 

daily 

stop 

lunch 

now 

home 

time 

numbers 

again 

breakfast 


I Am 

I am a school girl. I go to school at Central high school. 
There are many things for me to learn in this school. I can 
learn to make a dress, to make a hat, to cook a good dinner, 
to sing a song, to run a typewriter, to write a letter, to speak 
good English, and to be a good citizen. I am glad that I am 
a school girl in Duluth. 


be 

glad 

letter 

am 

good 

speak 

for 

sing 

citizen 

that 

song 

English 

typewriter 


I am a sailor. I work on a boat. My boat has flax in it. 
The flax came from North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minne¬ 
sota. The flax on my boat is going to Buffalo, New York. 











23 


There the flax is put in a pressing mill. Linseed oil is 
pressed out of the flax. Then the flax is made into meal for 
cattle. Minneapolis has large pressing mills. Duluth has a 
linen rug factory. Linen is made from the flax straw. 

A sailor sees many things from his boat. I am glad that 
I am a sailor. 


a sailor 
linseed oil 
flax 

flaxseed 

linen 


rug 

straw 

large 

sailor 

North Dakota 


South Dakota 
Minnesota 
Minneapolis 
Buffalo 
New York 


I am a farm boy. I work on a farm. I work on a wheat 
farm. The wheat farm is very big. There are 640 acres in 
it. 640 acres make a section of land. A section is one mile 
long and one mile wide. A section is square. A farmer boy 
has a good time on a farm. I am glad that I am a farmer 
boy. 

.very land square 

wide acres section 

farm wheat farmer 



A WHEAT FARM 






24 


There are 141 Factories in Duluth 

I have a coat It was made in Duluth. I have a pair of 
shoes. They were made in Duluth. I have a linen rug in my 
house. It was made in Duluth. I have a table and bed in 
my home. They were made in Duluth. There are many fac¬ 
tories in this city. There are bread factories, candy factories, 
broom factories, box factories, and stove factories. There 
are 141 factories in Duluth. 18,000 people work in these 
factories. Duluth is a good place for people to find work. 
Besides the factories, people may work on the coal docks, 
the boats and the railroads. Many men and women come 
here to find work. 


bed 

table 

place 

was 

men 

coal docks 

pair 

may 

railroads 

shoes 

stove 

women 

candy 

bread 

find 


broom 




A RUG FACTORY IN DULUTH 
































A WHEAT FIELD NEAR DULUTH 




25 


The Garden 

/ Mr. Mattson bought a house and lot. There was a large 
garden on the lot. He planted cabbage and onions in his gar¬ 
den. He planted many other things in his garden. Can you 
name some of the other things? He planted potatoes in 
his garden. Mr. Mattson wanted good potatoes, so he 
planted his potatoes in May and dug them in September. 

\ He dug 30 bushels of potatoes from his garden. It did not 
cost him, much money to raise potatoes in his garden. But it 
does cost him much money to buy potatoes from the store. 
His garden saves money for him and he has good things to 
eat every day. Are you going to plant a garden? 


buy 

much 

other 

cabbage 

his 

them 

money 

onions 

him 

raise 

garden 

potatoes 

dug 

bought 

planted 

bushels 


Wheat 

There are many farms in Minnesota and North Dakota- 
The farmers plant wheat on the farms. They send this 
wheat to Duluth by train. The wheat is put in big elevators. 
You can see the elevators by the docks. Boats come to the 
elevators at the docks. The boats are loaded with wheat. 
The wheat goes down the lakes to the city of Buffalo. From 
Buffalo the wheat goes all over the world. Duluth is a wheat 
market. Look at the map of the United States in this book. 
On what lakes does the wheat boat sail to get to Buffalo? 

sends sail does 

train loaded world 

look all map 

elevators over market 




Meats 

The meat of a pig is called pork. 
Ham is a kind of pork. 

Pork chops come from a pig. 

The meat of a cow is called beef. 
The meat of a calf is called veal. 
The meat of sheep is called mutton. 
The meat of a lamb is called lamb. 
The meat of deer is called venison. 


pig 

kind 

pork 

ham 

chop 

cow 

beef 

deer 

venison 

calf 

veal 

lamb 


Babies 



A baby cow is called a calf. 

A baby horse is called a colt. 

A baby cat is called a kitten. 

A baby bear is called a cub. 

A baby wolf is called a cub. 

A baby hen is called a chicken. 

A baby goat is called a kid. 

A baby deer is called a fawn. 

A baby duck is called a duckling. 
A baby goose is called a gosling. 
A baby dog is called a puppy. 

A baby sheep is called a lamb. 

baby goat 

horse hen 

colt chicken 

dog kid 

cat fawn 

kitten duck 

bear duckling 

cub goose 

wolf gosling 

puppy babies 


27 


Street Car Signs 

Can you tell where these cars go? 

Morgan Park car. 

E. 4th, Gary and N. Dul. 

E. 4th and 57th Ave. W. 

E. 4th and 39th Ave. W. 

Lester Park. 

Piedmont Ave. 

Kenwood Ave. 

East End. 

Woodland. 

Duluth-Superior. 

W. Dul. and Aerial Bridge. 

Fairmount Park. 

East 9th St. 

Hunter’s Park. 

32nd Ave. W. and Sup. St. 

3rd Ave. East. 

Do you know what these signs mean? 

Limited. 

To Car House Only. 

Exact Fare, Please. 

The Right of Way. 

Chartered. 

Not in Service. 

Pay as You Enter. 

The Thermometer 

A thermometer tells how cold it is. It also tells how 
warm it is. The thermometer has mercury in it. Cold makes 
the mercury go down. Heat makes the mercury go up. 

There are numbers at the side of the mercury tube. The 
garden will freeze when the mercury is at 32°. Water will 
boil when the mercury is at 212° 

A man can work best whenthe mercury is at 70° or below. 
A man cannot work well when the mercury is over 85°. 

Duluth has a good climate, It does not get very warm. 
Duluth is a good place to work in. “It is always cool in Du¬ 
luth.” 


28 


Phonics 

If you were going into a house that was locked you 
would ask for a key so that you coulc} open the door and go 
in. You might climb in by breaking in a window but that 
would be a hard way to get into the house. 

A new language is like a closed house. We can learn 
a language one word at a time. That is the same thing 
as crawling through the window, a very hard and slow way. 
But the easiest and best way it to learn the sounds of the 
letters and the way English words are put together. This 
key to th^ language door is called phonics. On the follow¬ 
ing pages you will find lists of sounds on which the English 
language is built. The better you learn these sounds, the 
easier you will learn to read and the better you will speak 
English. 

-A— ■ 


a—ate 

u—use 

g-go 

qu—quit 

a— at 

u—up 

h—he 

r—rat 

e—even 

y—my 

j—jail 

s—see 

e—egg 

y—any 

k—keep 

t—top 

i—ice 

b—be 

1—lake 

v—vote 

i—it 

c—can 

m—make 

w—we 

o—old 

d—dog 

n—no 

*x—ax 

o—on 

f—fly 

p—pan 

y—yes 

• 


__B_ 

z—zoo 

10 

V 

y 

j 

we 

very 

yes 

jar 

was 

veal 

you 

joy 

war 

vest 

yet 

Joe 

win 

vote 

year 

job 

will 

vine 

your 

join 

were 

voice 

yell 

John 

warm 

valley 

yoke 

Jack 

wore 

valise 

yolk 

June 

went 

velvet 

yarn 

July 

work 

voyage 

yard 

just 

wind 

violin 

yawn 

James 

world 

vinegar 

youth 

jelly 

winter 

victory 

young 

jumps 

window 

visitor 

yellow 

judge 

weather 

village 

Yankee 

January 

Wednesday 

vegetable 

yesterday 

jackknife 


29 


X 


9 like j 

ch 

gem 

chin 

gin 

chop 

gill 

check 

germ 

child 

giant 

churn 

gypsy 

chalk 

German 

change 

gentle 

charge 

ginger 

church 

general 

chilly 

Georgia 

chores 

gesture 

cherry 

giraffe 

chimney 

gentleman 

Charley 

geography 

chicken 

gymnasium 

children 

at 

AT 

d 

t 

day 

to 

dog 

tin 

dig 

ten 

did 

top 

dip 

toe 

dot 

tea 

door 

tub 

deep 

tell 

dock 

time 

dime 

take 

date 

tame 

dive 

turn 

down 

talk 

dark 

took 

dance 

table 

dinner 

ticket 


* w 

sh s 


she 

saw 

shut 

see 

shot 

safe 

ship 

said 

show 

salt 

shop 

sand 

shoe 

soap 

shape 

save 

shift 

sent 

shall 

seem 

shake 

send 

shine 

sick 

short 

side 

shore 

sang 

shout 

sleep 

should 

smoke 


th ( breath ) 

th (voice) 

thin 

the 

think 

this 

thank 

that 

thing 

thus 

thick 

them 

thief 

they 

third 

then 

three 

these 

thumb 

those 

throat 

there 

thirty 

their 

thread 

though 

thimble 

rather 

theatre 

mother 

thunder 

father 

thought 

brother 


30 


go 

get 

got 

girl 

give 

gave 

gone 

game 

gold 

good 

gain 

gate 

glad 

geese 

great 

garden 


key 

kill 

king 

kind 


kick 

keep 

kite 

Kate 

kodak 

kettle 

kitten 

Kansas 

kingdom 

kitchen 

kerosene 

Kentucky 


h 

b 

P 

hat 

be 

pin 

had 

bad 

put 

hop 

but 

pen 

ham 

big 

pan 

have 

boy 

pig 

horn 

bat 

pop 

home 

born 

pat 

hand 

blue 

pet 

hard 

bowl 

park 

hunt 

beef 

pack 

hide 

. boat 

part 

hill 

ball 

pick 

hole 

bird 

pork 

happy 

baker 

poor 

house 

beans 

public 

honey 

bottle 

pencil 

Vlk 

freaks 


why 

is 


when 

has 


what 

his 


whip 

been 


where 

sure 


while 

come 


which 

done 


wheel 

says 


wheat 

said 


white 

sugar 


whale 

shall 


whirl 

again 


whittle 

Chicago 


whether 

business 


whistle 

Christmas 


whisper 

character 





31 


f -w- 

f William and Winifred were winding balls of wool by the 
window, one Wednesday afternoon in the winter. They were 
helping their soldier brother to win the big world war. They 
were going to knit him a sir eater. But the woolen balls were 
big and their hands were little and they were getting weary. 
The icinter's day was warm and sunny. The old willow tree 
waved to them through the window. “Come and play” it 
seemed to say. Winifred looked at William. “Let's go out 
to play. We can work some other day.” 

So down went the woolen balls and away went the little 
war workers into the sunny winter weather. 

A little village lay in a valley. Around it lay fields of 
vegetables and vineyards of grapes. A visitor dressed in a 
velvet vest and carrying his valise and violin looked about him. 
He saw a man across the street carrying home a very big jug 
of vinegar. The visitor called to him in a loud voice and 
asked him if he knew of a vacant house for rent with vines 
over the window. The man put down his jug of vinegar and 
pointed out the vacant house at the end of the village street. 
The visitor hurried away with his valise and violin. 

—y— 

Yesterday a Yankee yovth not yet twenty-one years of 
age was digging yellow dandelions from the yard. His young 
sister was playing in the yard. She picked up the yellow 
dandelions to make a chain. All at once this Yankee youth 
saw his young sister yawn. “You are sleepy youngster. Run 
indoors to your bed.” 

-j— 

John and Joe one fine day in June, made up their minds 
to run away and join the navy. They did not like their job 
of hoeing the garden. They put two jars of jelly into their 
pockets and started out. But Judge James spoiled their joy. 
He caught them when they were just about to jump aboard a 
train. The old judge took them home. Their mother made 
them put the jars of jelly away and sent them back to their 
job in the garden. Poor boys! 






82 


- -ch- 

Charley and Chester were two children. They lived on a 
farm. These children were working hard one chilly day. 
They were going that night to a chicken supper at the church. 
They had to get all their chores done early. Charley was chop¬ 
ping wood to put into the chimriey corner. Chester was churn¬ 
ing the cream for butter. Soon all the chores were done. 
They changed their clothes in a hurry. Their father gave 
them a check to pay for the chicken supper. They had a fine 
time. First they had some chicken pie and then they had 
some cherry pie afterwards. 

-sh- 

“ She cannot wear those new shoes,” said the mother to 
the clerk in the shoe shop. “They are too short for her. I 
should like you to show me some others. We are going to 
the seashore to seethe ships. I shall have her old shoes shined, 
please. 

-*—s- 

1. I saw a man go to sleep in the smoking car. 

2. The lady sang severed songs to the sick people in the 

hospital. 

3. Sister Susan sent them to the store for salt and soap. 

4. Seven soldiers stopped to put their suit cases inside the 

news stand for safety. 

-d- 

1. The dog dived into the deep water. 

2. I gave' Dan a dime to let his bear dance for us. 

3. Will you close the door when you come down to dinner? 

4. The day was dark and dreary. 

- 1 - 

1. The tall man sold tin tops in that tent. 

2. Tom took two tickets for the turkey dinner. 

3. Please tell Teckla to take tea w^th us next Tuesday. 

4. The teacher told the two boys twice to take the clay from 
v the table and put it in the tub. 














33 


-th (breath)- 

1. I wish to thank you for the three theatre tickets you sent 

me. It was very thoughtful of you. 

2. Myrtle thinks she left her thread and thimble in her room. 

3. The butcher sliced some of his steak thin, and some of it 

thick. 


-th (voice)- 

1. My father and mother went to visit my brother. 

2. Would you rather have this small, well lighted room than 

that larger but darker room? 

3. Take these apples from my basket here and put them with 

those apples there in the pan. 


g 


1. Gertrude drove the geese through the garden gate. 

2 . All the guards were given guns. 

3. Grace!s grandfather gave her some green grapes. 

4. The girls in the eighth grade have gone to the basket ball 

game. 


1. He had his hat in his hand. * 

2. The hunter blew hard on his hunting horn. 

3. He buj r s honey and ham at the house on the hill. 
i4. The happy boy hopped gaily home. 


/ 









34 


/ — b — 

1. The big bird in the cage bit the bun the baker's boy held in 

his hand. 

2. Big Bill had a boicl of blueberries. 

3. The baby wanted brother Bert's ball and bat. 

4. The bridge builders had beef, bacon, and beans for breakfast. 

-P— 

1. Paul, please j?our th e popcorn into the pan. 

2. Peter's pet pig ran into the public park. 

3. Please put pens, pencils, paper, and a bottle of purple ink 

on the table. 

4. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. If Peter Piper 

picked a peck of pickled peppers, where are the 
pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? 

-wh- 

1. The man from Texas asked me whether or not I liked the 

Duluth winter weather. 

2. The whistling workman waved his whip at his team of white 

horses and began cutting wheat. 

3. Which wheel in the machine will not whirl? 

4. Why don’t the people stop whispering when the music be¬ 

gins? 


—k- 


1. Kate is kind to her pet Bitten. ' * 

2. The king gave the housekeeper the key to the kitchen. 

3. Knute took Kodak pictures of his sister’s home in Kansas. 

4. The keg was full of kerosene. 










85 


-C 


Final ed is sounded as a syllable after t and d. 
After t 


1. paint, painted 

I painted my house green. 

2. rent, rented 

Mr. Olson rented a five-room flat near the park. 

3. melt, melted 

The warm wind melted the snow. 

4. rest, rested 

The players rested between the games. 

5. lift, lifted 

The man lifted the heavy bars of iron. 

6. dust, dusted 

The girl dusted the furniture. 

7. light, lighted 

The streets are well lighted with electric lights. 

8. count, counted 

The man counted his money. 

9. part, parted 

The old friends parted at the train. 

10. waste, wasted 

They wasted much time in talking. 

11. support, supported 

Our school is supported by the taxpayers. 

12. point, pointed 

The weather vane on the barn pointed to the south. 

13. correct, corrected 

We corrected the misspelled words in our spelling lesson. 

14. Heat, heated 

The house was heated with hot air. 

15. skate, skated 

Many people skated at Harrison Park last winter. 

16. print, printed 

. The News Tribune is printed at night. 





36 


17 trG&t trss^Gd 

The workers were well treated by the company. 

18. report, reported 

Tne club meeting was reported to the newspaper. 

19. defeat, defeated 

The girls were defeated in the debate by the boys. 

20. respect, respected 

The child respected his parents. 

21. date, dated 

The paper was dated March 10th. 

22. vote, voted 

The people voted for better roads. 

23. float, floated 

The logs floated down the river. 

24. represent, represented 

Minnesota is represented in Congress by two senators 
and ten congressmen. 

25. plant, planted 

Many acres of head lettuce are planted in Duluth every 
year. 


After d 


1. add, added 

A dollar was added to Mr. Brown’s hotel bill for telephone 
service. 

2. divide, divided 

The father divided his property among his five sons. 

3. need, needed 

The judge said the man needed to go to night school to 
learn English. 

4. seed, seeded 

The yard was seeded with white clover. 

V 5. board, boarded 

\ The windows of the cabin were boarded up. 

\j. thread, threaded 

x <The needle was threaded with black silk thread. 




37 


7. shade, shaded 

The window was shaded by a maple tree. 

8. crowd, crowded 

The people crowded around the speaker. 

9. load, loaded 

The train was loaded with Duluth flour. 

10. land, landed 

The boat from Cleveland landed at the coal dock. 

11. trade, traded 

The mothers traded at the corner store. 

12. fold, folded 

Mother folded the Slothes and put them away. 

13. afford, afforded 

The moving pictures at the school afforded the commun¬ 
ity much pleasure. 

14. mold, molded 

The housewife molded the dough into loaves. 

15. attend, attended 

The class attended the club meeting. 

16. decide, decided 

The school board decided to build a new schoolhouse. 


Final ed is sounded as t after Jc p ch c sh s and x 
After Jc 


1. bank, banked 

The company banked their money every afternoon. 

2. cook, cooked 

The meals were well cooked. 


3. like, liked . , _ . _ _ 

We liked the music the Matinee Musicale furnished. 

4. back, backed ' . .. 

The man backed his wagon against the sidewalk. 

5. look, looked 

\ The people looked at the airship. 





38 


/6. tack, tacked 

The night school poster was tacked up where all could 
see it. 

7. work, worked 

The rug makers worked in eight hour shifts. 

8. walk, walked 

The business men walked down town. 

9. talk, talked 

The ladies talked about the lecture. 

10. lock, locked 

The door to the main office was locked. 

11. pick, picked 

The good citizens picked up the paper in their yards. 

12. bake, baked 

Mother baked an apple pie for dinner. 

13. leak, leaked 

The stove in the kitchen leaked gas. 

14. milk, milked 

The farmer milked six Jersey cows for the Children's 
home. 

15. mark, marked 

White stones marked the dividing line between the bro¬ 
thers' farms. 

16. park, parked 

All the automobiles were parked in the middle of the wide 
street. 

17. block, blocked 

The circus parade blocked the streets for a mile. 

18. dock, docked 

The careless factory girl was docked a dollar for poor 
work. 

19. risk, risked 

The man risked his life to save the drowning child. 

20. rock, rocked 

The happy mother rocked her baby to sleep. 




89 


/ After p 

1. rap, rapped 

The Speaker of the House of Representatives rapped on 
his desk for order. 


2. dip, dipped 

The fisherman dipped the water from his leaky boat with 
an old tin can. 


3. wipe, wiped 

The dressmaker wiped the oil from her sewing machine. 

4. stop, stopped 

The train stopped only when flagged at the little village. 

5. leap, leaped 

The fish leaped from the water into the silvery moonlight. 


After ch 

1. reach, reached 

The storm-tossed boat reached the shore safely. 

2. stitch, stitched 

Her party dress was stitched with blue thread. 

3. preach, preached 

The minister preached on the subject of loyalty last Sun¬ 
day. 

4. search, searched 

The hunters searched the woods for wolves. 


After c 

1. place, placed 

The housewife placed the ice man’s card in her kitchen 
window. 

2. chase, chased 

The dog chased a cat up a tree. 

3. slice, sliced 

The birthday cake was sliced into ten pieces. 

4. trace, traced 

The boy traced the fox to his hole in the hillside. 




40 


After sh 

1. wash, washed 

The rain washed the dusty trees. 

2. brush, brushed 

The teeth should be brushed every night. 

3. push, pushed 

The young man pushed his canoe into the river and jumped 
into it. 

4. fish, fished 

The man fished in Lake Superior for whitefish. 

5. rush, rushed 

The crowd rushed across the field to watch the aeroplane 
land. 

6. wish, wished 

The farmers wished it would rain on their dry fields. 


After s 

1. pass, passed 

The wagon passed the door. 

2. dress, dressed 

The bride was dressed in white. 

3. press, pressed 

The tailor pressed four suits. 


After x 

1. tax, taxed 

The government taxed those who bought ice cream. 

2. wax, waxed 

The dancing floor was waxed to make it smooth. 

3. mix, mixed 

The men mixed the cement with water. 

4. fix, fixed 

The tent was fixed to the ground with many wooden pegs, 
box, boxed 

The apples were boxed for long shipments. 




41 


Z 1 Final ed is sounded as d after all other letters. 

1. grab, grabbed 

The monkey grabbed the cup from the child. 

2. flag, flagged 

The station agent flagged the train. 

3. sail, sailed 

Our boat sailed for America in April. 

4. file, filed < • 

The blacksmith filed the teeth of the woodsman's saw. 

5. drill, drilled 

Our class drilled on the multiplication tables. 

6. smell, smelled 

We smelled the plum blossoms from the doorway. 

7. poll, polled 

Twenty thousand votes were polled at the last city elec¬ 
tion. 

8. trouble, troubled 

The teacher was troubled because the boys quarreled. 

9. jail, jailed , • , 

All the thieves were caught and jailed. 

10. travel, travelled 

The gold seekers traveled many miles in Alaska. 

11. spoil, spoiled 

The cans of fruit were spoiled by the heat. 

12. seem, seemed 

The rough road seemed long to the tired children. 

13. room, roomed 

Mr. White roomed with his uncle, Mr. Brown. 

14. frame, framed 

The picture is framed in brown oak. 

15. rain, rained 

It rained for three days while we were camping. 

16. clean, cleaned 

Our streets are cleaned every night. 

17. open, opened 

^ I opened the door for my visitor. 



42 


18. burn, burned 

Two houses were burned to the ground last night. 

19. earn, earned 

The boy earned enough to buy a bicycle. 

20. learn, learned 

I learned to read in night school. 

21. cover, covered 

The yard was covered with dandelions. 

22. measure, measured 

The tailor measured him for a suit. 

23. order, ordered 

The judge ordered quiet in the courtroom. 

24. serve, served 

Lunch was served after the business meeting. 

25. move, moved 

We moved from Superior street to Fourth street. 

26. chew, chewed 

Our food should be well chewed before swallowing. 

27. follow, followed 

The children followed the band. 

28. play played 

The boys played ball after school. 


Review 


counted 

preached 

dusted 

lifted 

smelled 

taxed 

placed 

afforded 

polled 

travelled 

searched 

rocked 

docked 

opened 

rapped 

painted 

folded 

boxed 

saved 

rocked 

added 

cooked 

needed 

flagged 

helped 

melted 

stitched 

brushed 

wiped 

skated 

leaped 

roomed 

played 

planted 

fixed 

divided 

wanted 

floated 

mended 

milked 

lighted 

dressed 



43 


D- 


r—rat 

si—sleep 

pr—pray 

ir—bird 

sc—scold 

tr—tree 

er—her 

scr—scrap 

pro—prolong 

ur—hurt 

tw—twine 

pre—prepare 

wr—write 

wh—where 

de—delight 

ar—arm 

sp—spot 

re—return 

or—order 

spr—spring 

con—conduct 

th—the 

kn—knife 

ful—cupful 

sh—she 

gn—gnaw 

ness—kindness 

ch—child 

sk—skin 

tion—nation 

thr—three 

qu—quick 

sion—extension 

ph—phone 

squ—squirrel 

ment—gover nm ent 

sm—small 

st—stay 

less—restless 

sn—snow 

str—string 

ing—spelling 

bl— black 

br—brown 

dis—displease 

cl—cloth 

cr—cry 

un—unlike 

fl—flour 

dr—drink 

trans—transport 

gl—glass 

fr—friend 


pi—plate 

gr—green 


^ r ir 

er ur 

wr ar or 

rat sir 

her fur 

wrap far for 

ran bird 

jerk hurt 

write car nor 

red girl 

clerk curl 

wrong star fork 

roll dirt 

verse burn 

wring barn organ 

th sh 

ch thr 

ph sm 

they shop 

chase throw 

orphan smell 

this shade 

cheap throne 

phonics smoke 

those shape 

chest thrift 

Phillips smith 

them shave 

cheese thread 

photograph smile 


sn 

bl 

cl 

fl 

gl 

pi 

snap 

blue 

clean 

flat 

glad 

plow 

snake 

blow 

class 

flesh 

glue 

plan 

sneak 

blank 

close 

flock 

glove 

plant 

snatch 

block 

clothes 

flowers 

globe 

please 





44 


si 

sc 

scr 

tw 

wh 

sp 

slow 

scale 

scrub 

twin 

why 

spoil 

sled 

scarf 

scream 

twist 

when 

spoke 

slip 

scarce 

scrape 

twelve 

what 

spell 

slide 

scatter 

scratch 

twenty 

where 

spent 

spr 

kn 

gn 

sk 

qu 

squ 

spread 

know 

gnat 

sky 

quart 

squaw 

spring 

knew 

sign 

skip 

queen 

square 

spruce 

knee 

gnash 

skate 

queer 

squash 

sprinkle 

knock 

resign 

skirt 

quarter 

squeeze 


St 

str 

hr 

cr 

dr 

stand 

straw 

brass 

crow 

dry 

stamp 

street 

brave 

cross 

drop 

start 

strong 

bread 

cream 

draw 

state 

straight 

branch 

cradle 

dress 

fr 

gr 

pr 

tr 

pro 

free 

grew 

press 

trap 

proceed 

front 

grind 

prune 

trade 

provide 

freeze 

grain 

prince 

track 

pronounce 

French 

grapes 

president 

travel 

professor 

pre 

de 

re 

con 

ful 

prefer 

debate 

recall 

conduct 

useful 

precede 

decide 

recess 

condemn 

hopeful 

pretend 

deceive 

reform * 

condense 

roomful 

preserve 

deliver 

receive 

conclude 

spoonful 

ness 

tion 

sion 

ment 

less 

witness 

motion 

mission 

argument 

useless 

sickness 

question 

mansion 

judgment 

hatless 

goodness position 

division 

statement 

careless 

happines 

election 

procession 

government hopeless 

ing 

dis 

un 


trans 

sewing 

dislike 

undo 

transfer 

writing- 

disgrace unfold 

transform 

reading 

dishonest unlock 

translate 

working 

discourage uncover 

transplant 





45 


-E- 


ay 

ain 

ink 

ing 

oy 

oil 

bay / 

rain 

link 

king 

boy 

boil 

day 

pain 

mink 

ring 

joy 

coil 

gay 

main 

sink 

sing 

Roy 

soil 

hay 

\ vain 

pink 

wing 

toy 

toil 

jay 

gain 

rink 

sting 

annoy 

spoil 

lay 

/ plain 

wink 

thing 

loyal 


may y 

1 brain 

think 

swing 

destroy 


pay / 

chain 

drink 

bring 

employ 


stay ^ 

train 

shrink 

fling 

Soy beans 

play 

stain 

trinket 

cling 



gray 

grain 

twinkle 

sling 



pray 

Spain 

sprinkle 

string 



dray 

strain 


spring 



spray 

^sprain 





ought 

/ aught 

all 


ight 

ail 

bought 

\ caught 

fall 


fight 

bail 

sought 

} taught 

call 


light 

fail 

fought 

/ naught hall 


might 

hail 

brought daughter tall 


right 

mail 

thought 1 

wall 

sight 

nail 



stall 

tight 

sail 



small 

bright 

snail 





fright 

trail 

V 





frail 





46 


-F- 

Short Vowel Sounds 


a 

e 

i 

0 

u 

ab 

eb 

ib 

ob 

ub 

ac 

ec 

ic 

oc 

uc 

ack 

eck 

ick 

ock 

uck 

ad 

ed 

id 

od 

ud 

af 

ef 

if 

of 

uf 

a g 

eg 

ig 

o g 

ug 

al 

el 

il 

ol 

ul 

am 

em 

im 

om 

um 

an 

en 

in 

on 

un 

ap 

ep 

ip 

op 

up . 

at 

et 

it 

ot 

ut 

av 

ev 

iv 

ov 


ax 

ex 

ix 

ox 

ux 

az 

ez 

iz 


uz 

atch 

etch 

itch 

otch 

utch 

adge 

edge 

idge 

adge 

udge 

cab 

ebb 

rib 

rob 

tub 

tab 

ebony 

bib 

Bob 

rub 

grab 

rebel 

fib 

cob 

cub 

crab 

pebble 

crib 

oblong 

hub 

fact 

elect 

music 

occupy 

success 

tract 

insect 

strict 

octave 

conduct 

cactus 

expect 

verdict 

oculist 

instruct 

action 

second 

politics 

chocolate 

structure 

back 

deck 

pick 

rock 

duck 

sack 

peck 

lick 

dock 

luck 

pack 

neck 

kick * 

shock 

tuck 

crack 

check 

Dick 

clock 

truck 

had 

bed 

hid 

rod 

mud 

mad 

led 

bid 

sod 

bud 

bad 

red 

lid 

hod 

cud 

glad 

Fred 

did 

nod 

suds 





after 

left 

lift 

often 

taffy 

effort 

sift 

office 

raffle 

refuge 

rift 

coffee 

traffic 

bereft 

differ 

soften 

rag 

beg 

big 

log 

bag 

keg 

pig 

hog 

sag 

leg 

wig 

dog 

flag 

peg 

dig 

frog 

album ' 

elm 

milk 

golf 

valve 

held 

silk 

olive 

Albert 

elbow 

until 

polish 

\ balance 

elevator 

pillow 

revolve 

1 Sam 

hem 

him 

Tom 

1 ham 

them 

rim 

romp 

1 ram 

stem 

skim 

omelet 

sham 

empty 

swim 

promise 

I ran 

hen 

pin 

pond 

I f an 

pen 

win 

onward 

/ can 

men 

tin 

bonnet 

1 and 

then 

thin 

monarchy 

cap 

kept 

trip 

hop 

sap 

step 

drip 

stop 

nap 

pepper 

ship 

crop 

lap 

shepherd 

lips 

drop 

rat 

pet 

bit 

not 

hat 

let 

hit 

got 

fat 

bet 

lit 

hot 

cat ' 

wet 

kitten 

lot 

avenue 

ever 

river 

novel 

travel 

bevy 

pivot 

poverty 

gravel 

every 

liver 

proverb 

average 

never 

shiver 

province 

tax 

vex 

fix 

box 

wax 

next 

mix 

fox - 

, flax 

text 

six 

oxen 

\ axle 

extra 

Dixie 

equinox 


puff 

ruffle 

suffer 

fluffy 

rug 

bug 

hug 

jug 

pulse 

sulky 

sultan 

sulphur 

gum 

hum 

swum 

plum 

run 

fun 

bun 

under 

cup 

upon 

puppy 

supper 

run 

gun 

fun 

sun 


luxury 

lux 








48 



/ jazz 

fez ' rr! 

sizzle 

azure 

embezzle 

drizzle 

\ dazzle 


gizzard 

\ piazza 


blizzard 

1 catch 

fetch 

witch 

/ patch 

wretch 

pitch 

latch 

stretch 

ditch 

snatch 

etching 

stitch 

badge 

hedge 

ridge 

badger 

Madge 

ledge 

sledge 

dredge 

bridge 


crotch 

botch 

notch 

Scotch 

dodge 

lodge 


buzz 

puzzle 

muzzle 

buzzard 

Dutch 

clutch 

crutch 


budge 

fudge 

drudge 

smudge 


Long Vowel Sounds 

The final e lengthens the preceding vowel. 


abe 

— 

ibe 

obe 

ube 

ace 

— 

ice 

_ 

_ 

ade 

ede 

ide 

ode 

ude 

afe 

— 

ife 

-— 

— 

age 

— 

— 

— 

uge 

ake 

— 

ike 

oke 

uke 

ale 

— 

ile 

ole 

ule 

ame 

erne 

ime 

ome 

ume 

ane 

ene 

ine 

one 

une 

ape 

— 

ipe 

ope 

— 


ere 

ire 

ore 

ure 

ase 

— 

—— 

ose 

use 

ate 

— 

ite 

ote 

ute 

ave 

eve 

ive 

ove 

_— 

aze 


ize 

Words 

oze 

— 

babe 

multitude 

file 

mine 

endure 

bribe 

dude 

while 

line 

base 

tribe 

safe 

mole 

lone 

close 

robe 

wife 

hole 

phone 

dose 

globe 

wage 

pole 

bone 

useful 

probe 

cage 

stole 

tone 

late 

lobe 

page 

mule 

tune 

date 
















49 


tube 

place 

race 

Grace 

lace 

space 

rice 

nice 

price 

twice 

made 

blade 

shade 

spade 

precede 

wide 

hide 

slide 

side 

rode 


stage 

came 

cape 

rate 

refuge 

tame 

tape 

kite 

huge 

lame 

crape 

write 

take 

game 

drape 

bite 

wake 

shame 

pipe 

vote 

make 

theme 

ripe 

wrote 

bake 

time 

wipe 

tribute 

shake 

dime 

slope 

shave 

like 

lime 

rope 

wave 

strike 

home 

sincere 

pave 

spike 

dome 

mere 

evening 

spoke 

perfume 

sphere 

hive 

woke 

cane 

tire 

alive 

duke 

pane 

wire 

rove 

rebuke 

lane 

tore 

grove 

sale 

sane 

more 

haze 

pale 

kerosene 

core 

blaze 

whale 

pine 

shore 

prize 

mile 

smile 

wine 

cure 

froze 


Review 


at 

fin 

wag 

hug 

pet 

ate 

fine 

wage 

huge 

Pete 

rat 

win 

kit 

slid 

plan 

rate 

wine 

kite 

slide 

plane 

fat 

din 

rag 

rid 

man 

fate 

dine 

rage 

ride 

mane 

hat 

pin 

can 

not 

slop 

hate 

pine 

cane 

note 

slope 



G—Diacritical Markings 


e —evening 
egg 
'e—h£r 


1 —ice 

V—ft 

'T*—sir 


o—old 
8n 

0—Orphan 
u—use 
u—up 
—ftfr 


y—my 

u u 

y—any 
c—car 
c—cent 

j * 


/ 


50 


A Common Use of s. No. I 


i 

You 

We 

They sit 

The people 
The men 


He 

She 

It 

Mr. Brown 
The man 


sits 


1. I sit by the window. 

2. You sit by the table. 

3. We sit up straight. 

4. They sit in the first row. 

5. The people sit around the table. 

6. The men sit on long benches at ball games. 

7. He sits back of me. 

8. She sits in front of me. 

9. It sits on the shelf. 

10. Mr. Brown sits in his automobile. 

11. The man sits with his family. 


sit or sits 

1. Will you_in this chair, please? 

2. I_in the last seat on the right. 

3. He_._at the left of the speaker. 

stand or stands 

4. The man_beside the flag. 

5. I_at my work. 

6. She_at the window. 










walk or walks 


51 


7. I_a mile every day. 

8. She_to work every morning. 

9. You_fast. 

run or runs 

10. The boy_along the street. 

11. I_to catch my car. 

12. You_after the postman and gi\ e him this 

letter, please. 

take or takes 

13. He_his trunk with him when he stays away 

a month. 

14. You_the car at Seventh avenue west for the 

incline. 

15. I_a glass of milk with my lunch. 

want or wants 

16. I_you to come to school every day. 

17. The young man__to go to college. 

18. Do you_to sell your home. 

put or puts 

19. You_!__the book on your desk. 

20. She_the dishes away carefully. 

21. I_the potatoes into the kettle. 

give or gives 

22. I_you my word of honor that I shall do it. 

23. It_the room a cheerful look. 

24. What did you_the newsboy. 


O’B II p. 12 




















52 


A Common Use of s. No. II 

Change the following statements so as to make each of 
them tell about more than one thing. 

Example: The cow eats hay. 

The cows eat hay. 

1. The bee hums in the garden. 

2. The lion roars in the cage. 

3. The bear growls at the hunter. 

4. The candle burns on the table. 

5. The door creaks noisily. 

6. The worm crawls on the rosebush. 

7. The mason builds walls of brick. 

8. The ball rolls along the floor. 

^ Change the following statements so to make each of 
them tell about one thing. 

1. The ducks swim in the pond. 

2. The stars twinkle in the evening sky. 

3. The engines whistle at the railroad crossing. 

4. The fires burn in the deep forest. 

5. The pigs eat corn. 

6. The eaves drip in the morning fog. 

7. The horses gallop to the barn. 

8. The frogs jump into the lake. 

O’B II p. 12 


Is, Are, or Am 

1. The boy is hungry. 

2. The boys are hungry. 

3. I am hungry. 

4. You are hungry. 

When we are talking about one thing we use is. There 
is only one boy in the first sentence so we say, “The boy is 
hungry/’ 




58 




When we are talking about more than one thing we use 
are. There is more than one boy in the second sentence so 
we say, “The boys are hungry/’ 

We always use am with I so we say, “I am hungry/’ 
But we always use are with you so we say, “You are 
hungry.” 

1. The cows are in the barn. 

2. The wagon is by the door. 

3. The men are eating dinner. 

4. The girls are making candy. 

5. I am making a dress. 

6. You are reading a book. 


Put the is, are , or am in the blanks: 

1. You_wiping the ink from the floor. 

2. She_wiping the dishes. 

3. I_wiping my hands. 

4. She_cutting out a dress. 

5. I_cutting the grass. 

6. You_cutting the bread. 


\ 7. Mr. Brown_seeing that the house is warm. 

8. I_seeing that everyone_busy. 

9. You_seeing how the bread_made. 

10. I_filing the saw. 

11. The clerk_filing the cards. 

12. The girl_filing her nails. 

13. I__cleaning the room. 

14. _you cleaning the floor? 

15. They_cleaning the yard. 

16. You__^_reaching for the book. 

17. He__reaching for his pencil. 






















54 


18. They_ 

_ reaching for their hats. 

19. Anna and Grace_washing the clothes. 

20. You_ 

washing the windows. 

21. He_ 

washing his face. 

22. The engine 

pushing the car. 

23. The people. 

__ pushing and crowding. 

24. you going to the picture show? 

25. I_ 

going to Minneapolis. 

26. My mDthsr. 

going to St. Paul. 

27. I____ 

having a dress made. 

28. He_ 

..having his dinner just now. 

29. We_ 

. having a nice rain today. 

O’B I p. 22 



Future Time 


He 
She 
You 
It 

They 
The man 
The woman 
Mr. Brown 

1. I shall hear you sing tomorrow. 

2. I shall walk to work tomorrow. 

3. I shall run to the house tomorrow. 

4. I shall drink some water tomorrow. 

5. We shall stand to read tomorrow. 

6. I shall see you tomorrow. 

7. I shall come early tomorrow. 

8. He will hear you sing tomorrow. 

9. They will walk to the park tomorrow. 

10. Mr. Brown will eat here. 


We I sha11 


will 















55 


11. It will not take long to go there. 

12. She will sit with her family. 

13. You will find the man there. 

14. You will read this book. 


shall or will 

1. My family_come to Duluth in June. 

2. I_be glad to see them. 

3. I-take them to see the wheat elevators. 

4. We_drive around the boulevard. 

5. They_see the Aerial bridge. 

6. My father_enjoy a trip on the ferry. 

7. My mother_enjoy the big stores. 

8. They both_enjoy the parks, 

9. You say that you_be in town in June. 

10. We_be glad to have you with us. 


11. I hope the weather_be good. 

O’BIp. 22 


Going to Minneapolis 

Change this story to the past and to the future tense. 

I want to go to Minneapolis. My friend who has a car 
icishes to take me to the station. My train leaves at 3:10 p. m. 
I pack my suitcase. I put it in the car. I get into the car. I 
sit beside my friend. We drive down Lake avenue. We see 
the Aerial bridge. We look at the freight boats. My friend 
says , “How beautiful the lake is today.” We speak to many 
people on Superior street. We keep on the right side of the 
street until we come to Fifth avenue west. Then we turn to 
the left. Our car stops in front of the Union station. I get 
out. My friend gives me my suitcase. I hear the clock in the 
Central high school strike three. I bug my ticket and run 
for the train. 


O’B I p. 27 












56 


er and est 


1. This is a short line-- 

2. This is a shorter line—- 

3. This is the shortest line-- 

When we look at the first two lines, we say that the 
second line is the shorter. 

When we look at the three lines, we say that the last 
line is the shortest. 

Look at these lines 

1. This is a long line-* 

2. This is a longer line- : - 

3. This is the longest line- - -“ 

You see that when we are talking about two lines we 
put er on the end of the word; shorter, longer. 

You see that when we are talking about three lines we 
put est on the end of the word; shortest, longest. We 
always put est on the end of the word when we are talking 
about more than two things. 

Put the right words in the blanks: 

Remember er for two, est for more than two. 

tall, taller, tallest 

X' 1. This man is tall. 

2. He is_than his brother. 

3. John is the_boy in school. 

4. The flag pole is____than the maple tree. 

short, shorter, shortest 

5. My pencil is_than your pencil. 

* 6. Which of the four trains goes to St. Paul in the- 

_time? 

yl. February is the_month of the year. 

X"8. The winter day was- 

small, smaller, smallest 

9. Which is the_coin of our American money? 

y 10. My house is_ 

yell. Jane was the_ j _girl in her class. 

yH2. I wear a_sized shoe than this one. 























X \ 


57 


far, farther, farthest 

13. How_is Cloquet from here? 

14. St. Paul is_from here than Cloquet. 

Xl5. Chicago is_from here than St. Paul. 

X16. San Francisco is the seaport_west 

warm, warmer, warmest 

V17. Monday was the_day of the year. 

18. Today is_but yesterday was- 

X-19. Our house is_ 

X20. Minneapolis is_in summer than Duluth. 

high, higher, highest 

X 21. A mountain is_than a hill. 

><22. He climbed to the top of the_tree in the 

orchard. 

y 23. The wireless tower was_than the church 

steeple. 

X 24. The store was five stories_ 


x Here are some words we need to learn how to use. 


many, more, most 

25. James got the prize for earning the- 

money for the Red Cross. 

26. I found_shells by the lake. 

27. My friend found_shells than i did. 

x 28. Please give me some_words to spell. 

well, better, best 

29. I feel_today but I felt_yesterday. 

* 30 Where is the_place to get a good dinner? 

X"3L I like Mary_than Lilly. 

X32. She can cook__than her sister. 

little, less, least 


38. We had_rain last summer 

34. The_-_number we ever had m the class 

was twelve. „ . . 

>r 35. I will take_rent for the house if you will 

stay two years. . 

V 36. Joe earned the_money m the shop. 


O’B I p. 32 




























58 


Plurals I 

Look at these words and tell how many they mean. 
Do these words mean just one or more than one? 


boy 

girl 

house 

streets 

hand 

books 

boats 

lake 

street 

girls 

table 

houses 

mile 

hill 

doors 

names 


In most of our names we add 6* to the singular (one) to 
make the plural (more than one.) 

Change these names to the plural. 

garden chair 

soldier flag 

flower night 

train tree 


Change these names to the singular. 


hens 

horses 

windows 

eyes 


pigs 

dogs 

days 

apples 


These are some words that do not add 6’ to the singular 
to make the plural. The whole word is changed. 

Singular (one) Plural (more than one) 

man men 

woman women 

child children 

foot feet 

tooth teeth 

mouse mice 

goose geese 


# 


59 


Here are some words that always are the same. They 
never change. 


Singular 

sheep 

deer 

swine 

cannon 

scissors 


Plural 

sheep 

deer 

swine 

cannon 

scissors 


Change all the names to the plural: 

f 1. The woman came to see us. 

2. The child had gone to sleep. 

3. The goose flew away at the noise. 

4. The sheep ate the green grass. 

5. The man had worked here before. 

6. The mouse ran away. 

7. My tooth had been filled with gold. 

8. The deer came here at night to drink. 

9. The scissors are on the table. 

10. The cannon came by train. 

O’Vl p- 41 


Into and In 


Into and in have different meanings. Into is used when 
going from the outside of a thing to the inside of that thing. 
Look at these sentences: 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 


I went into the room. 

We went from France into Germany. 
Please put your knife into your pocket. 


In is used when going from one place in a thing to 
another place in the same thing. In helps to tell the place 
of a thing: 

Look at these sentences: 



We travelled in the United States. 

The scissors are in my work box. 

The teacher went from desk to desk in the class room. 
Mrs. Hanson lives in Hibbing. 




60 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6 . 

7. 

8 . 
9. 

10 . 

11 . 

’BI p. 


Fill these blanks with into or in: 

James ran_the house. 

My coat is_the hall. 

There is a mouse_the trap. 

A rat got_the trap. 

The street car ran_the truck. 

The horse is_the barn. 

Put your books_your desk. 

We walked from the street_the park. 

She was walking__ the country. 

Come__l_my office at eight o’clock, please. 

They are_great trouble. 

18 

More Prepositions 


with 

of 

against 

above 

at 

across 

behind 

below 

for 

over 

before 

down 

upon 

near 

through 

around 


Will you come home_me? 

The children laughed__. the monkey. 

The mayor talked_the carpenter. 

We saw the moon_the lake 

4. The dog ran_the yard. 

5. The hoe is leaning. __the tool shed. 

7. The sky is____us. 

8. The ground is_us. 

y9. My sister’s home is_my home. 
























61 


I put the box_the high shelf. 

Will you sweep the floor_me, please? 

They are not_home. 

The ball came_the open window. 

Monday comes_Tuesday. 

What is the matter_it? 

Please, wait_me. 

The boat sank_the surface of the water. 

My brother went_the ocean. 

The boat drifted_the river. 

The vegetable garden is__the house. 

. Who sits_me? 

. I walked_the block. 

. Lincoln said, “A government-the people 

_the people, and-- 

the people shall not perish from the earth.” 

Birds live_the land; fish live- 

water. 

Fish breathe_their gills; birds breathe. 

_ their lungs. 


_the 



It is good English, as well as good manners, to speak of 
ourselves last. 

1. Mary and I went to a party. 

2 Charles, John, and I live in the same block. 

3! Mr. White and I walk to the store. 

4. My family and I drove to Two Harbors. 

The word I is generally used at the beginning of 
sentences. Here is a sentence where it is at the end: It is I 


























62 


But there are not many sentences like that. Me is not used 
at the beginning of sentences. Me is used after all these 
words: 


from 

to 

near 

with 

before 

over 

by 

beside 

on 

after 

below 

under 

for 

through 

around 


1. 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8 . 
9. 

10 . 

11 . 


1. 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5 . 

6. 

7. 

8 . 
9. 

10 . 

11 . 

12 . 

13. 

14. 


Here are some sentences using me: 

Did you see me? 

Will you help me to carry this? 

She came with me as far as the corner. 

They took the ticket from me at the door. 

My friend spoke to me. 

She wished me good health. 

Did you hear me sing? 

The dog walked beside me. 

The blue sky was over me. 

I could see the city below me. 

I saw behind me a long line of people. 

Put the right word in the blank: 1 or Me 

Will you come to dinner with_? 

She and____are going to play for them. 

Mrs. Brown, Mrs. White and_go to the same 

church. 

Do you wish_to help you? 

Please help_^__.get my lesson. 

She read the names for_ 

Several people went by_... 

It is_ 

He and_are good friends. 

The family went before_____into the room. 

She is in the class below_ 

I reached above_for* the light. 

Are you laughing at_? 

Is that ticket for__? 


O’B I p. 56 
















63 


r Sheep 

Many garments are made of wool. These garments are 
made of wool: coats, sweaters, and caps. Much of the cloth 
for suits and dresses is made of wool. Wool grows on sheep. 
It is the coat of the sheep. The country around Duluth is a 
good place for raising sheep. There were 45,000 sheep on 
farms around Duluth in 1920. Sheep eat grass and brush. 
They eat the grass around the stumps of the trees. 
The farmer cuts the wool off the sheep. He sells the wool 
in Duluth. Duluth has factories for making cloth and gar¬ 
ments of wool. It has factories for making yarn and yarn 
garments. 

Sheep are good to eat. The meat of the sheep is called 
mutton. Do you eat mutton? The farmer sells the mutton 
in Duluth. He makes money on his sheep. 

O’B I p. 57 



A FLOClt OF SHEEP 











64 


House and Street Numbers 

“Where do you live?” 

“I live at 123 East Fourth street. Where do you live?” 

“I live at 427 North Eighth avenue east. But I lived in 
the West End last year at 2906 West Second street. 

“I never have lived in the West End but my brother has 
just bought a new house at 5831 Raleigh street. He wishes 
to live near his work.” 

“When I have more money I shall build a house in 
Lakeside. I have already bought a lot there. The house 
number will be 4507 East Superior street.” 

“I know where that is. My friend is a gardener at 4211 
East Superior street. His employer has very fine gardens 
and lawns.” 

“How many blocks do you walk to school?” 

“I walk nine blocks to school every night.” 

“How many blocks is it from Superior street to your 
house?” 

“It is five blocks north from Superior street to my 
house.” 

“Is your house a large one?” 

“Yes, there are three floors with five rooms on each floor. 
Three families live in this house.” 

“The house I live in is still larger. It contains six flats 
and twenty-seven people live there now.” 

“How old are you?” 

“I was 29 years old last October. How old are you?” 

“I am 34 years old. When were you born?” 

“I was born in 1891. When I was ten years old my 
father came to America. Ten years later he sent back tickets 
for my mother, my sister and myself to come to America. 
I have been here nine years.” 

“I have been in America only five years, but I have 
studied in the night schools to prepare myself for naturaliza¬ 
tion. I lived in Chicago two years and in Superior two 
years. Then I came to Duluth.” 

“Not many people are coming from Europe to live in 
America now. They stopped coming in 1914 when the war 
began.” 


O’B I p.75 


65 


Can and May 

Can means to be able to do a thing, to be strong enough 
to do a thing or to know enough to do a thing. 

May means to ask permission to do a thing, to be asked 
or to be allowed to do a thing. 

“Can I speak French?” means, “Do I know howto speak 
French?'' 

“May I speak French?” means, “Will you let me speak 
French?'’ 


Fill the blanks with may or can. 

1. _I sharpen my pencil? 

2. _I speak to you a minute, please? 

3. _you play the piano? 

4. _I have a piece of cake, mother? 

5. __you row a boat? 

6. We_think all we like, but we- 

we think. 

7. _you use a typewriter? 

8. You_go when your work is done. 

9. Please,_I open the window? 

10. _you spell Minnesota. 

11. I_write my name. 

12. __I go home at nine o'clock? 

13. _you run as fast as John? 

14. _I get a drink of water, please. 

^O’B I p. 11 


_not say all 


















66 


Every Day Problems 


Cafeteria Bill-of-Fare 

$ .10 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.10 

1. What will two ham sandwiches, pie and coffee cost? 

2. What will toast and coffee cost? 

3. What will a cheese sandwich, pie and milk cost? 

4. What can you buy for 30 cents? 

5. What will sauce, an egg sandwich and coffee cost? 

6. What will sauce, coffee and toast cost? 


Ham sandwich 

___$ .10 

Toast 

Cheese sandwich 

___ .10 

Pie_ 

Egg sandwich 

___ .10 

Sauce 

Coffee_ 

___ .05 

Rice _ 

Milk_ 

___ .06 

Oatmeal 


My savings bank book looks like this: 


January 1 . . 

January 17. 
February 2 _ 

— - 

Deposit 
___$10.00 
. _ 10.00 
___ 12.00 

Withdrawal 

February 10 
February 18 
March 4 _ 

March 18 _ 


... 9.00 
___ 13.00 
... 11.00 

$15.00 

March 21. . 
March 31 _ 


___ 14.00 

17.50 

April 6 

April 10_ 

Balance 


25.00 


What is my balance April 10? 

Have you a savings account? Can you balance the book? 


Some people find it hard to add quickly and accurately. 
They should practice many times each day. Below are all of 
the addition combinations that any one ever uses. 

Group I.— 00000000000 
01234567890 























67 


Group II.— 1111111122345 
2345678932345 

Group III.- 22223333352 
34572456757 

Group IV.— 22335446789 
89877897789 

Group V.- 5555666778 
6789789899 

Add these numbers many times and see how rapidly you 
can do them. Put a piece of paper just below the problem 
to write the answers on. Then you can use the same prob¬ 
lems many times. When you are sure of these, reverse them 
and drill on them in the same way. 


Now try these problems: 


1. Here is what it costs to go to a circus: 

Ticket_$ .90 

War tax_ _ .09 

Grand stand seat_ .68 

War tax_ .07 

What was the price of a ticket? How much must you 
pay for a seat in the grand stand? How much must you pay 
in all for a ticket and a grand stand seat? 


2. I bought these things: 


Suit of clothes 

Shirt_ 

Necktie_ 

Shoes_ 


.$35.50 
. 2.50 
. 1.00 
. 8.50 


Total 












68 


Distances: 


St. Paul to Chicago_ _ 400 miles 

Duluth to Chicago_470 

St. Paul to Omaha___ 366 

Duluth to Hibbing_ 84 

Duluth to Grand Rapids_ 111 

Duluth to St. Paul_160 

Chicago to Detroit_283 

Chicago to New York_ 983 

Chicago to Washington_882 

St. Paul to San Francisco_2129 


3. How far is it from Chicago to Hibbing? 

4. How far is it from Omaha to Hibbing? 

5. How far is it from St. Paul to Grand Rapids going 

through Duluth? 

6. How far is it from Omaha to Grand Rapids? 

7. How far is it from Grand Rapids to Chicago? 

8. How far is it from Grand Rapids to Hibbing by way of 

Duluth? 

9. How far does Congressman 0. J. Larson have to go to 

reach Washington? 

10. How far is it from Duluth to Detroit? 

11. How far is it from St. Paul to New York? 

12. How far is it from Duluth to San Francisco? 

O’B I p. 59 


A or An 

There are five letters in the English alphabet called 
vowels, a , e, i, o , and u. Sometimes the letter y is added to 
this list of vowels. You will find one or more of these vowels 
in every English word. Look at your reading lesson to see 
if you can find a word without one of these vowels. 

Some name words begin with these vowels as: engine, 
Indian and orange. We use an instead of a in front of these 
words. It sounds better. We say: an engine, an Indian, an 
orange. 

Look at this list of name words and put an in front of 
those that begin with a , e, i, o, u. Put a in front of the 
other words: 















69 


onion 

door 

_pencil 

_apple 

window 

.... _book 

_egg* 

___.page 

orange 

_eye 

_island 

_orphan 

uncle 

_bell 

_usher 

_avenue 

oyster 

_chair 

iceman 

_house 

inch 

_ocean 

_key 

_alphabet 

ear 

____enemy 

_desk 

_elephant 

animal 

_office 

_Italian 

_umbrella 


Put a or an in these blanks: 


1. He pulled_onion out of the ground. 

2. The lady sat in_chair. 

3. Put the candle in_window. 

4. This desk is for__office. 

5. This lace is_inch wide. 

6. Please, give me_pencil. 

7. The man was riding on_elephant. 

8. I saw_book on the table. 

9. The baby tore_page out of the book. 

10. The house is on_island. 

11. The boy was eating_apple. 

12. The horse lifted_ear to listen. 

13. He was_American by birth. 

14. I took_umbrella with me. 

15. The dog lay on_rug by the stove. 


Here are some name words to remember because they 
not like the other name words beginning with vowels. 



















70 


These words begin with the long sound of u and take a in 
front of them. Long u never takes an in front of it. 

a university a union a unit 

a uniform a utensil 

A word that is not a name word but which begins with 
a vowel takes an in front of it, as: 

an open door an idle boy 

an upper berth an ugly wolf 

an empty dish an iron rake 

But any word beginning with long u always takes a in 
front of it, as: 

a useful tool 
a united family 

Put a or an in these blanks: 

1. The child stood by_open widow. 

2. The train stopped at_little prairie town. 

3. The boy ate_big red apple. 

4. The dog jumped over_iron fence. 

5. The kitten upset_ink bottle on the desk. 

6. One thing is_unit. 

7. The man brought back_empty cup. 

8. The picture was on_table in the parlor. 

9. They lived in_unheated flat. 

10. -idle man sat under_oak tree. 

11. The hammer is_useful tool for the carpenter. 

12. The lady picked-pretty red rose from the bush. 

13. The bluebird built its nest in_old pump in the 

barnyard. 

14. The boy wanted_uniform like the one his 

soldier brother wore. 


O’B I p. 59 




















Practical Problems 


71 


1. I asked my boy to buy me: 

1 apple 
1 orange 
1 banana 

How many pieces of fruit did he buy? 

2. I sent my daughter to buy vegetables for a stew; she 

brought home: 

1 turnip 

4 potatoes 
3 carrots 

2 onions 

How many vegetables did she buy? 

3. I purchased a paper for 3 cents. How much change 

should I receive from a nickel? 

4. It is 168 miles from Duluth to Minneapolis and 56 miles 

from Duluth to Willow River. Willow River is between 
Duluth and Minneapolis on the Northern Pacific rail¬ 
way. How far is it from Willow River to Minneapolis? 

5. It is 27 miles to Carlton. Carlton is on the Northern 

Pacific railway, between Duluth and Minneapolis. 
How far is it from Carlton to Minneapolis? 

6. Subtract the following problems: 

89 697 742 686 972 849 846 

46 236 621 243 630 737 624 


7. Add these combinations as rapidly as you can: 

12332898627 

25679459775 


72 


79283835676 

34282256345 

When you can add them very rapidly, reverse them and 
drill on them again. 

8. I hand the street car conductor 10 cts. How much change 

do I receive? 

9. Lunch costs 28 cts. I pay the cashier 30 cts. What 

change do I receive? 

10. Subtract the following problems: 

67 66 94 15 42 125 496 

49 47 86 7 28 109 269 


11. I bought groceries to the amount of $4.95 and gave a 

$5.00 bill in payment. What change did I receive? 

12. I had $1.00 in my pocket book. My husband asked to 

borrow 50 cts. to pay his lodge dues. How much 
money did I have left? 

13. One house costs $16.50 per month rent; another $20.00 

per month. What is the difference? 

14. My husband gave me $70.00 with which to buy clothes. 

I bought the following: 

1 pair of stockings for my boy at_ $ .50 


1 pair of stockings for myself at_ .75 

1 pair of shoes for my baby at 1.75 

1 pair of rubbers for my girl at __ 1.00 

1 suit for myself at_ 65.00 


How much money did 1 spend? 
How much money did I have left? 


O’B I p. 60 




A MARKET GARDEN NEAR DULUTH 













73 


House and Garden Problems 

1. A yeast cake costs 3c. I use two yeast cakes per week. 

How much do I spend per week for yeast? 

2. Gold Dust is 5c per small package. How much would 4 

packages cost? 

3. At 6c per bar, how much would 5 bars of soap cost? 

4. Ice cream salt is 5c per lb. How much will 10 lbs. cost? 

5. If one hoe costs $1.00, how much will two hoes cost? 

Three hoes? 

6. If a spade costs $3.00, how much will two spades cost? 

Four spades? Instead of adding these numbers like 
this: $3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 


$12.00, we can multiply $3.00 by 4 like this: 

$3.00 

4 


$ 12.00 

This shortens our work. 


7. How much are 

3 

x 2? 






6 

x 2? 






7 

x 2? 




These numbers 

can 

be arranged in a table like this: 

1x2 

1x3 


1x4 


1x5 

1x6 

2x2 

2x3 


2x4 


2x5 

2x6 

3x2 

3x3 


3x4 


3x5 

3x6 

4x2 

4x3 


4x4 


4x5 

4x6 

5x2 

5x3 


5x4 


5x5 

5x6 

6x2 

6x3 


6x4 


6x5 

6x6 

7x2 

7x3 


7x4 


7x5 

7x6 

8x2 

8x3 


8x4 


8x5 

8x6 

9x2 

9x3 


9x4 


9x5 

9x6 

10x2 

10x3 


10x4 


10x5 

10x6 

11x2 

11x3 


11x4 


11x5 

11x6 

12x2 

12x3 


12x4 


12x5 

12x6 

Can you finish these 

tables? 







74 


When you know they are right use ink to put them in 
your book. You will need these tables many times, so 
if you will learn them by heart, it will help you in the 
problems later. 

You can work out your grocery bills more quickly. 

8. A man who charges $2.00 per hour plowed and harrowed 

my garden in four hours. How much must I pay him? 
If he says $7.50 is enough, has he charged me full 
price? How much less than the full price did he 
charge me? 

9. If I make $4.00 per day from my garden, how much will 

I make in a week of six days? 

10. If a bushel of seed potatoes cost $5.00, how much will 4 

bushels cost? 

11. My husband bought for our garden: 

2 doz. aster plants at 35c per doz. 

3 doz. pansy plants at 50c per doz. 

5 doz. cabbage plants at 20c per doz. 

5 doz. cauliflower plants at 25c per doz. 

4 doz. tomato plants at 30c per doz. 

100 celery plants at $1.00 per hundred. 

How much did he spend? 

12. Multiply 

62 ‘ 74 86 497 872 496 692 

2 3 4 6 5 3 4 


13. What will 4 lots cost at $325.00 each? 

14. If the lots are 33 feet wide and 150 feet deep, how wide 

are all four of the lots? 

15. Practice on these problems many times to see how rap¬ 

idly and accurately you can subtract. 
847464998866 
223321387645 


6775568899 

4544334546 

Then use the same problems for addition. Any one who 
buys food and clothing knows how to add and sub¬ 
tract very rapidly. 


O’B I p. 61 


75 


Fourth of July in a Little Town 

The Fourth of July was coming. All the little town was 
going to the park to celebrate. It was to be a great day. 
Everybody was going to help. Mr. Green, the builder , made 
the stand for the speakers. Mr. Jones, the painter , painted 
the stand. He put a sign on it “ Freshly Painted”. It was a 
fine stand. The children hoped the days would not be rainy 
or dusty before the paint was dry. The teacher , Miss Brown, 
taught the children some songs to sing. Mr. White, the 
printer , printed all the songs they were to sing. Everybody 
was helpful. They cleaned the park with care. They picked 
up all paper which some careless people had left on the 
grounds. They put cups by the spring so the thirsty one 
could have a cupful of water. A farmer kindly helped the 
boys build tables. Those who did not like to eat on the 
ground would find the tables useful. There were so many 
hands to help that everything was quickly and neatly done. 
The boys ran races around the park in their boyish glee. 
They could hardly wait for the Fourth of July to come. But 
it did come at last. No rain came to dampen the grounds. 
The sun shone all day. The children sang sweetly. The band 
played gayly. The speaker told them to love our flag and to 
be true to our country. The children went home tired and 
sleepy but oh, so happy. It had been a truly great day for 
the little town. 

O’B I p. 62 


Buying Goods 

1. Two children came to see me. 

I had only one apple to give them. 

How much of an apple did each child have? • 

2. There were 4 cookies on a plate. 

My husband ate half of them. 

How many did he eat? 

3. I gave 3 boys 1 stick of candy. 

How much candy did each boy have? 


76 

4. 

5. 

6 . 

7. 

8 . 

9. 

10 . 

11 . 


12 . 

13. 

14. 


I bought 1 doz. eggs. 

We ate i of them for breakfast. 

How many did we eat? 

There are 4 people in our family. 

We bought 1 qt. of milk for lunch. 

What part of a quart did each one drink? 

We bought 1 doz. oranges. 

We used { of them for breakfast. 

How many did we use? 

Five boys wanted badges for their club. 

They bought 1 yd. of ribbon. 

What part of a yard did each one use? 

If a newsboy had 25 papers and sold } of them in 10 min., 
how many did he sell? 

If bacon costs 50c per lb., how much will l lb. cost? 

If round steak costs 33c per lb., how much will i lb. cost? 
If a suit costs $40.00 and I pay 1 down, how much do I 
pay at that time? How much is left to pay? 

If you will look at the multiplication tables in the lesson 
on the garden, you will find that they will help you in 
these problems. 


I bought a washer for $100.00 last year, but they cost 
i more now. How much more do they cost? What is 
the selling price now? 

A sack of flour costs $4.00. What will i of a sack cost? 
If the delivery charge is 10c, what will the \ cost? 

I buy a coat for $72.00, agreeing to pay for it as follows: 

At time of buying _i 

First month_ _i 

Second month_i 

Third month_1_ \ 

Fourth month_the rest 

How much did I pay each time? 

I bought the following for a dress; make out my bill: 

6| yds. serge_ r _at $3.75 per yard 

1^ yds. lining lawn_at .30 per yard 

2 spools silk thread_at .18 per spool 

1 spool cotton thread_at .08 per spool 

li yds. Satin_at 3.00 per yard 

2\ doz. buttons_at 50 per dozen 












I bought the following things for my neighbor: 

2\ yds. 1-in. elastic_at $ .20 per yard 

21 doz. buttons_at .50 per dozen 

li doz. buttons_at .75 per dozen 

i yard ribbon_ at 1.00 per yard 

How much did she owe me? 


17. Make out a bill for the following: 


3 lbs. chicken_at 

1| lbs. salt pork_at 

li lbs. bacon_at 

4i lbs. lamb_at 

21 lbs. pork chops_at 


O’B I p. 63 


.45 per lb. 
.18 per lb. 
.50 per lb. 
.35 per lb. 
.35 per lb. 


Buying Groceries 

Prices of Spring, 1921 


Potatoes 

_ $ .30 per peck 

Sugar, white _. 

_ .10 per lb. 

Sugar, brown _ 

.15 per lb. 

Eggs- 

.28 per doz. 

Kefrosene _ ~ 

.23 per gal. 

Vinegar _ _ 

_ 1.20 per gal. 

Flour 

. 4.75 per sack 

Oatmeal 

_ _ .05 per lb. 

Butter 

.48 per lb. 

Ben Hur Soap 

.08 per bar 

Bread 

.10 per loaf 

Coffee_ 

.35 per lb. 

Tea 

.60 per lb. 

Cocoa . _ _ 

_ _ .25 per lb. 

Chocolate 

.50 per lb. 

Crisco 

.25 per can 

Nut Margarine 

. .30 per lb. 

Lard 

_ _ .20 per lb. 

Cheese 

.30 per lb. 

Molasses _ 

.95 per gal. 

Beans _ 

_ .05 per lb. 

Rice_ 

.05 per lb. 

Split Peas 

. .15 per lb. 





































Spices— 

Cinnamon 

.15 per can 

Allspice . _ 

.15 per can 

Cloves 

.15 per can 

Ginger _ .. . 

.15 per can 

Pepper 

.15 per can 

Salt_ _ - -- 

.10 per bag 

Dried Fruits— 

Prunes _ _ . _ 

. _ _ .17 per lb. 

Peaches . .. 

. . .. .45 per lb. 

Apricots _ 

. _ .35 per lb. 

Apples _ __ .. _ . 

.35 per lb. 

Raisins . 

__ .30 per lb. 

Canned Goods— 

Tomatoes 

.20 per can 

Corn ... 

. .12| per can 

Beans. _ 

.20 per can 

Peaches 

.35 per can 

Apricots . . . 

.35 per can 

Pineapple . 

.35 per can 

Salmon _ . _ . 

.25 per can 

Fresh Fruits— 

Apples. 

. _ .10 per lb. 

Oranges. 

.30 per doz. 

Bananas 

__ _ .15 per lb. 

Grapefruit 

12\ each 

Pineapple 

.30 each 

Cherries 

.40 per lb. 

Strawberries 

.55 per qt. 


Fresh Vegetables— 

Radishes_ .15 per bunch 

Lettuce, leaf_ -.08 per head 

Asparagus_ .25 per bundle 

Carrots_ .12 \ per bunch 

Beets_ .15 ner bunch 

Peas_ .25 per qt. 

Beans _ .40 per qt. 

Cabbage _ .10 per lb. 

Cauliflower_ .40 each 








































79 


Problems 

i bu. potatoes 
4 lbs. sugar 
i doz. eggs 
1 gal. kerosene 

What is the total of the above bill? I paid the 
clerk $4.50. What change did I receive? 

3 loaves bread 

4 lbs. coffee 

4 lbs. oatmeal 

1 qt. strawberries 

10 bars Ben Hur soap 

What is the amount of the above bill? How 
much change would remain -from $2.75? 

2 lbs. butter 

1 49-lb. sack flour 

1 qt. vinegar 

2 lbs. oatmeal 

What change would remain from $6.85 after 
paying the above bill? 

1 bu. potatoes 
10 lbs. sugar, white 

1 doz. eggs 

4 loaves bread 

2 lbs. coffee 

2 cans pineapple 

1 head leaf lettuce 

What is the total of the above bill? 

1 gal. vinegar 
4 lbs. cocoa 
10 lbs. beans 

2 lbs. butter 
2 bags salt 

\ doz. oranges 
4 lbs. apples 

What is the total of the bill? 




6 . 


Would it be better to buy flour at the rate 
given above or at $2.40 per 49-lb. sack? 


7. 2 \ lbs. cheese 
2 lbs. chocolate 
4 lbs. lard 
2 lbs. raisins 
2 cans salmon 
1| bu. potatoes 
2 heads cauliflower 

What is the total bill? 


8. 1 pineapple 

1 bunch carrots 

2 lbs. dried peaches. 

1 gal. molasses 

8 lbs. oatmeal 
4 lbs. rice 

What is the total amount? 


9. 4 loaves bread 
2 lbs. tea 
4 bars soap 
2 cans apricots 
2 grapefruit 
1 quart peas 

What is the bill? 


10 


4 lbs. bananas 
2 lbs. cabbage 
4 cans crisco 
1 sack flour 
1 can ginger 

1 can pepper 

2 cans beans 


What is the bill? 


67 






81 


Buying Meats 

r Prices of Spring, 1921 

Sirloin steak____27c per lb. 

Round “ _25c 

Prime Briskets_10c 

Veal Stew__10c 

Pork Sausage---18c 

Pork Sausage in casings_20c 

Cottage Cheese- 121c 

Butter, creamery_48c 

Pork loin roast ___•--28c 

Soup bone _10c 

Leg of lamb_____30c 

Roast of beef__10c 

Tripe_ 15c 

Pigs feet_-_12i c 

Lake trout-_25c 

Whitefish !__30c 

Chicken_45c 

Salt pork- 18c 

Bacon_50c 

Some meats are very expensive and some are cheap. It 
iiTvery nice to have the expensive cuts of meats but many 
cheap cuts are just as good for food as the more expensive 
ones. But they must be well cooked. If the housewife 
knows how to cook these cheap cuts she can save money for 
her home. It is good to have a change sometimes. Fish are 
good for a change. On Sunday and on holidays it is nice to 
have a chicken or some other fowl. In the winter it is wise to 
buy much meat at one time but in the summer one should 
buy only a little meat at a time. Even an ice box does not 
always keep meat fresh. 


























82 

1. What will 3 lbs. of sirloin steak and 4 lbs. of veal cost? 

If I pay for the meat with a $2.00 bill, what change will 
I receive? How much cottage cheese could I buy with 
the change? 

2. What will 2 lbs. of butter, 4 lbs. prime briskets and 2 lbs. 

round steak cost? What change will I receive from 
$2.50? 

3. What will 4 lbs. pigs feet, 2 lbs. bacon, 2 lbs. cottage 

cheese and a pound of butter cost? 

4. What will a 4-lb. lake trout and a 2-lb. soup bone cost? 

5. What will 3| lbs. salt pork, 2 \ lbs. pork sausage and 2 lbs. 

butter cost? 

6. What will a 4-lb. whitefish and 2 \ lbs. of round steak cost? 

O’B I p. 68 


The Garment Factory 

Do you know that wool products made in Duluth are sold 
in every country in the world? Do you know thaUthe 45,000 
head of sheep that grazed in the fertile cut-over lands in the 
vicinity of Duluth were sold at top prices when brought to the 
market? 

The wool from these sheep as well as that bought in 
other parts of the United States is made into clothing in Du¬ 
luth. At the woolen mills the wool s is carded, cleaned and 
spun into yarn. Then the yarn is woven into cloth in the 
weaving rooms. Some kinds of cloth are woven very loosely 
and some are very thick. The cloth is dyed to give the right 
color. Then the cloth goes to the garment factory. 

In the garment factory the designers make a pattern for 
the overcoat or mackinaw. The cutters cut up the cloth and 
send it to other workers who sew the garments together. No 
one does all the work on a coat. One sews up the backs, an¬ 
other puts on the collar, another puts in the sleeves and oth¬ 
ers put in the linings. Some of these workers are women. 
They work very fast, for their wages depend upon the 


88 


amount of work they do. If one worker falls behind, he will 
keep all the others back. They use sewing machines driven by 
steam. These machines run very fast and one must be very 
quick to use them. In other parts of the factory, underwear, 
jackets, overalls, and suits are made. Other factories make 
tents, awnings, horsecovers, and shirts. One factory in 
Duluth made wool uniforms for the navy during the war. 

Wool garments are necessary in Duluth during the 
winter. So we are very glad to have these warm coats to 
wear. Other people like our warm clothes, too, so Duluth 
factories sell their goods all over the world. Over 1,100 
people are making clothes for us in Duluth. 

O’B I p. 73 


Free Legal Aid Bureau 

Many men have small claims for wages or other things. 
Others have quarrels with neighbors. Some cannot pay the 
rent promptly. Other men run away and leave their wives 
and children to get along as best they can. 

These people who are in trouble cannot pay the fee 
charged by the lawyer. But the City of Duluth has a Free 
Legal Aid Bureau which gives advice to these people without 

charge. _ 

is the manager. His office is in the Welfare building, 312 
West Superior street. His room number is 202. Many peo¬ 
ple come to him each day. He also goes to Municipal court 
each morning to advise poor people who have been arrested. 
Sometimes the judge will ask a man to report each week to 

___^..and 

do as he advises instead of sending the man to jail. _ 

___ has a young 

man to help him. 


O’B I p.76 






84 


Statements and Questions 

Change these statements to questions. 

Write them on the blackboard or on paper. 

1. You have a garden. 

2. Mr. Brown is here. 

3. Minnesota Point is seven miles long. 

4. There are twelve blocks in a mile in Duluth. 

5. The Boulevard is above the city. 

6. It is six o’clock. 

7. You are an American. 

8. Our flag has forty-eight stars. 

9. I have a table in my room. 

10. A baby cat is called a kitten. 

11. The meat of a sheep is called mutton. 

12. I am going to the store. 

13. The hotel is a good place to eat. 

14. That is our automobile. 

15. Your father is coming. 

16. I came the shortest way. 

17. He has good news to tell. 

18. The trees are tall and green. 

19. It was a yellow cat. 

20. My mother gave me this book. 


O’B I p. 79 



How 

to Use Some Common Words. No. I 

i 

2 


3 

Today 

Yesterday 


Used with Helping 
Words 

see 

saw 


seen 

eat 

ate 


eaten 

write 

wrote 

Helping Words 

written 

go 

went 

is 

gone 

speak 

spoke 

are 

spoken 

give 

gave 

was 

given 

take 

took 

were 

has 

taken 

do 

did 

had 

done 

drink 

drank 

have 

drunk 

know 

knew 


known 

ride 

rode 


ridden 

begin 

began 


begun 


see, saw, seen 

1. I see the lake today. 

2. I saw the lake many times. 

3. The sun is seen rising in the east every clear morning. 

4. The lake gulls are seen flying after the passenger boats. 

5. She was seen walking by the lake. 

6. They were seen walking by the lake. 

7. I have seen the lake many times. 

8. You have seen the lake many times. 

9. He has seen the lake many times. 

10. They had seen the lake many times. 

Did you notice that the word seen in the above had a help¬ 
ing word? The words in column 3 cannot be used 
without helping words. 

The words in column 1 and 2 do not need these helping 
words. It would not be good English to use helping 
words with them. 






86 


Fill in the blanks in these sentences: 


see, saw, seen 

1. He was_on an East Ninth street car yesterday. 

2. I_the car coming yesterday. 

3. I have_the car coming. 

4. I_the car coming now. 


eat, ate, eaten 

1. She has_breakfast with me many times. 

2. You_ r ^ f _breakfast with me yesterday. 

3. I_breakfast every morning. 

4. They had_ : _their breakfast before we came. 

write, wrote, written 

1. He has_____five letters. 

2. Who_to you last week? 

3. I_to my sister every week. 


4. The letter was___on linen paper. 


go, went, gone 


1. I 

2. I. 


3. He has_ 

4. They have. 


.to church last Sunday, 
to church now. 

_ r to church for three Sundays. 

_to church already. 



















speak, spoke, spoken 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 

4. 


English is_in the United States. 

You have_to them about it. 

They_to us yesterday. 

Do they_English well? 


give, gave, given 

1. The man_the child a dime. 

2. They have_all the help that was needed. 

3. I___you this free of charge. 


4. The children were_presents. 


take, took, taken 

1 . She_..the class for a picnic last Monday. 

2. You_-this home with you tonight, please. 

3. We have_six lessons. 


4. I had my picture_Thursday. 


do, did, done 

1 . I_not like sugar in coffee. 

2. He has_his work well. 

3 You_not put the books away. 

4. The chicken is-well, 




















88 


drink, drank, drunk 

1. She_two cups of tea at dinner. 

2. I__water with my meals. 

3. They had_much of the mineral water. 

4. He_a cup of coffee and ate a sandwich. 

know, knew, known 

1. Do you_the multiplication tables? 

2. She has_me for years. 

3. He_that the river bridge was open. 

4. I have_many people who sing well. 

ride, rode, ridden 

1. We____in the Incline car yesterday. 

2. We have_on the Boulevard many times. 

3. He_on horseback every afternoon. 

4. Camels are_in Egypt. 

begin, began, begun 

1. This class_at half past seven. 

2. I_teaching last month. 

3. The band had_ ___to play when we reached the 

park. 

4. It is time to 

O.B I p. 80 


work now. 





















89 


Was and Were 

1. The boy was playing marbles. 

2. The boys were playing marbles. 

What words are changed in the above sentences? How 
many boys in the first sentence? How many boys in the 
second sentence? 

When we are talking about one thing we use was. When 
we talk about more than one thing we use were. But we 
always use were with you. 

was or were 

Put the right words in the blanks: 

_;_you ever in one of the big school buildings? 


Did you visit all the rooms? I_in one last week. 

I did not know that our children. __-learning so 

many things. 


I visited a manual training class. The boys- 

making a dining room table. Their teacher.--show¬ 

ing them the best way to finish it. In another room little 

girls_sewing on aprons for themselves. One lit- > 

tie girl_just finishing hers. She-very 

happy. I saw some hats that-made by another 

class of girls. I wanted to buy one hat. It-very 

pretty. 

Just as I_goingout, I_invited to 

eat some bread baked by the cooking class. While we- 

_eating, we could hear a sixth grade orchestra. There 

_six violins and a drum being played. Don’t you 

wish you_going to school again? I do. A teacher 

and her principal_in the hall as I went out. They 

_very pleasant and asked me to come again. 


O’B I p. 80 




















\ 


90 

How to Use Some Common Words. No. II 


1 2 
Today Yesterday 


3 

Used with Helping 
Words 


break 

broke 

draw 

drew 

drive 

drove 

fall 

fell 

forget 

forgot 

freeze 

froze 

grow 

grew 

bide 

hid 

shake 

shook 

sing 

sang 

steal 

stole 

swim 

swam 


Helping Words 

is 

are 

was 

were 

has 

had 

have 


broken 

drawn 

driven 

fallen 

forgotten 

frozen 

grown 

hidden 

shaken 

sung 

stolen 

swum 


break, broke, broken 

1. I break the chalk now. 

2. I broke the chalk yesterday. 

3. I hare broken the chalk many times. 

4. The chalk is broken in two pieces. 

5. The points of these pencils are broken . 

6. This dish was broken by the cook. 

7. These dishes wer'e broken by the cook. 

8. The cat has broken off this plant. 

9. The packer had broken five plates. 

Remember that the words in column 3 need the helping 
words. Remember, also, that the words in column 1 
V and 2 do not need helping words. 




Fill in these blanks: 


91 


break, broke, broken 

1. The handle of my umbrella is_ 

2. Six eggs were_ 

3. I cannot_this stick. 

4. Who_my cup? 

draw, drew, drawn 

1. The horses__heavy loads now. 

2. The horses have___many heavy loads. 

3. The boy_a load of wood on fcis sled yesterday. 

4. The logs were_ .__on huge sleds. 

drive, drove, driven 

2. Will you__me to the station, please? 

2. We have_____over this road many times. 

3. Most boats are_by steam. 

4. He_to the city last week. 

fall, fell, fallen 

1. The tree has__...to the ground. 

2. The snowflakes_gently. 

1 3. The rain___in torrents Friday. 

\ 4. The clothes line—_to the ground. 




















92 


forget, forgot, forgotten 



1. Tom_to buy a loaf of bread. 

2. The dog was_by the movers. 

3. He_to wind the clock. 

4. Do not__your rubbers. 


freeze, froze, frozen 


1. The plants_last night. 

2. The ice cream is_hard. 

3. Put salt on the ice to make the ice cream_quickly. 

4. The water in the pitcher was_ 


grow, grew, grown 

1. Grass.__in the deserted streets. 

2. How this tree does_! 

3. You have_an inch this winter. 

4. Mushrooms are_in damp soil. 

hide, hid, hidden 

1. The boys—--in the orchard yesterday. 

2. The boats were_under the bushes. 

3. Where did the hen__her nest? 

4. Who_____my gloves? 





















^ shake, shook, shaken 

1. I_hands with the president. 

2. Take the rug out and_it, please. 

3. The wind has__the apples down. 


4. The wet dog 

.himself. 

1. The robins 

2. “America” was 

3. The songs were 

4. She_ 

sing, sang, sung 

. _in the rain. 

by the school. 

well. 

for us last evening. 

1. The money was 

2. The dog _ . 

steal, stole, stolen 

_ _from the desk. 

the meat from the kitchen. 


3. The melons were_by some boys. 

4. A good man does not--nor lie. 

swim, swam, swum 
1. I___and dive. 


2. Grace 

3. I have. 

4. Races were- 

a race with Jane. 

across the river. 

by the campers. 



















94 


St. Louis River 

The St. Louis river flows into Lake Superior. The water 
in this river is very deep. The Great Northern Power com¬ 
pany built a dam across the St. Louis river at Thompson. 
Thompson is a little village. This village is four hundred 
feet above the city of Duluth. 

The big dam forces the water \o run through pipes over 
turbines or wheels. These big wheels turn dynamos which 
make electricity. This electricity lights the cities of Duluth 
and Superior and runs the street cars. This electricity runs 
some of their factories, too. There is enough electricity to 
run many more factories and light more cities. The St. Louis 
river is making Duluth a great city. 

What other cities are on the St. Louis river? Is the 
river used for anything besides electric power? What? 

O’B I p.81 


Lake Superior 

Lake Superior is a very large lake. It is one of the 
largest bodies of fresh water in the world. Duluth is at the 
head of Lake Superior. Duluth is sometimes called the 
“Zenith City of the Unsalted Seas.” The word Zenith means 
top or head. 

Hundreds of years ago Lake Superior was much larger. It 
was as deep as the hills around Duluth. We can see the 
stones that made the old water line on the hills. The Boule¬ 
vard runs along on part of the old beach line. The lake was 
once five hundred feet deeper than it is now. In those olden 
days the water ran south into the Mississippi river. The bed 
of this old river can be seen now. 

When you are on the Boulevard look for the old shore 

line. 

Can you name some cities on Lake Superior? 

What other lakes are connected with Lake Superior? 
These five lakes are called the Great Lakes. 

Name some of the large cities on the Great Lakes. 

What are these lakes good for. 


O’B I p. 82 



95 


Buying Coal and Wood 

Coal Prices, Spring of 1921 


Per Ton 

Soft Coal (Youghiogheny) - -.$10.25 

Stove Coal.15.90 

Nut Coal ------ .16.00 

Pea Coal.14.10 


Delivery Charges 

Zone 1 - - - - Nothing | Zone 3..30 

Zone 2 - - - - .15 | Zone 4...65 

Coal is sold by the ton. A ton (T) is 2000 pounds (lbs.) 
Some people buy their coal in the early spring and summer, 
while others wait until the first cold weather comes before 
buying the winter coal. Then there are not enough teams 
and trucks to haul this coal at one time and some people 
must go without a fire. Coal, as well as wood, should be 
purchased in the early summer. 

If your home is a long distance from the coal yard or on 
the steep hillside, you must pay extra to have your coal de¬ 
livered. Duluth has been divided into parts or zones and 
extra charges are made for delivery to homes in these zones. 
You can find out what zone you live in by asking any coal 
dealer. Also you must pay $1.00 per ton extra to have your 
coal carried to the house from the street. 

1. I live in the 2d zone. What will 2 tons of nut coal cost 

delivered to my house? 

2. I live in zone 3. What will | ton of nut coal cost delivered 

to my house? 








96 

3. I live in zone 4. What will 3 tons of pea coal cost delivered 

to my house and carried from the street to the house? 

4. I live in zone 2. What will 200 pounds of nut coal cost de¬ 

livered to my house? 


Wood Prices: 


Birch wood, load-$9.00, 

Slab wood, “ -5.00, 

Tamarack, “ 6.50, 


cord 


$15.00 

12.00 

13.00 


These prices are for wood delivered to the house. 


Some dealers sell wood by the cord and some sell it by 
the load. A cord of wood contains 128 cubic feet. A standard 
cord is four feet wide, four feet high, and eight feet long, 
but any pile of wood which contains 128 cu. ft. is a cord. A 
truck load may contain 64 cu. ft. or 50 cu. ft. of wood. One 
must be very careful in buying wood. 

1. How much will two cords of birch wood cost? 

2. How much will li cords of slabs cost? 

3. How much will 64 cu. ft. of tamarack cost, if I pay the 

extra 50 cents because the load is less than a cord? 

4. If you could buy a large truck load of tamarack containing 

75 cu. ft. at $6.50, or a cord at $13.00, which would 
you take? 

5. How much will two cords of slabs cost? 


O’B I p. 82 










THE THOMPSON DAM Page 94 




















& *• ~mm*>?~ • -y • -^<;r - ;:,«y;- .<w~ -v • .»■ • •-• ' --tf^- ••■• :: 

a 





f 


BOATS ON LAKE SUPERIOR Page 94 












97 


Coal and Iron 

Navigation opens on Lake Superior in April and closes 
in December. During the navigation season freight boats 
come and go under the Aerial bridge day and night. Some 
of these freight boats carry iron ore, some coal, some oil, 
some wheat, some flax, and some automobiles. 

Here comes a freighter now. It has come from Cleveland, 
Ohio. On what lake is the City of Cleveland? Find it on 
your map. This freighter is loaded with coal for the people of 
Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Much coal is 
needed for the homes during the cold season in these states. 
The factories also need much coal. 

When this freighter goes back to Cleveland it will be 
loaded with iron ore. The iron ore comes to Duluth by train 
from the cities of Hibbing, Virginia, and Ely. Hibbing and 
Virginia are on the Mesabe range and Ely is on the Vermillion 
range. A range is a row of hills. These two ranges are rich 
in iron ore. Can you find these ranges on your map? 



AN ORE BOAT 


O’BE p. 82 








98 


Iron Mining in Minnesota 

Iron is the most plentiful metal in the world. It is found 
in every country, but the United States leads the world in 
its production. Iron is manufactured into steel which is used 
for building bridges, buildings, railroad rails and cars. It is 
also used in the manufacture of engines and machinery of 
all kinds. A pound of steel manufactured into hair springs 
for watches is more valuable than its weight in gold. . About 
two tons of iron ore are required to make one ton of iron. 
Iron ore is valuable only if it can be shipped to commercial 
centers. If the Mesabe range were located near the North 
Pole it would have no value whatsoever, because the ore 
could not be shipped to market. The reason the Minnesota 
ore is valuable is because it can be transported cheaply to 
manufacturing cities near Lake Erie where there is an abun¬ 
dance of coal. 

There is more iron ore produced in Minnesota than in 
any other state of the Union. The iron from Minnesota 
helped in a large measure to win the recent war for the 
Allies, as millions of tons of it was used in the manufacture 
of guns, shells, ships, railroads, and many other things used 
by their armies and navies. ‘ 

Iron ore was first sent down the lakes from Minnesota 
to Pittsburgh in 1884. This ore came from the Vermillion 
range. In 1892 the Missabe range was opened up and since 
1894 Minnesota has been the leading state in iron mining. 
The Cuyuna range was opened up in 1911, and produces iron 
ore and ore containing manganese, known as manganiferous 
ore. in 1919 the Vermillion range produced 929,049 tons, 
the Mesabe range. 31,977,699 tons and the Cuyuna range, 
1,861,165 tons. 

The ore of the Vermillion range is hard and black. The 
ore, deposits extend to depths of several thousand feet, but 
the ore of the Mesabe range lies close to the surface. In 
many places on the Mesabe range the surface gravel and 
sand are stripped off the top of the ore with steam shovels. 
The ore is soft, of reddish color and easily mined. The larg¬ 
est of these open pit mines is at Hibbing and is known as the 
Mahoning-Hull-Rust pit because these three companies have 
"twined the ore deposit so as to form one large opening. The 




ore is loaded into railroad cars by steam shovels. It is then 
taken to the ore docks and loaded into boats, which carry 
the ore to Lake Erie ports. These boats usually bring back 
coal to Duluth and other Lake Superior ports. The open pit 
mines are not operated in winter because the boats are un¬ 
able to run at that season and the ore can not be shipped. 
Only the underground mines operate in winter and the 
ore mined at that time is placed on a stock pile to be shipped 
out the following summer when the boats are running. Iron 
ore has been discovered under the town of Hibbing so that 
now the mining companies are moving most of the town to 
another location and laying out new streets and sewers there. 
Some of the ore mined in Minnesota is used in the plant of 
the Minnesota Steel company at Morgan Park. 

O’B I p. 83 


Logging in Minnesota 

In the early davs, the eastern part of Minnesota was 
covered with dense forests. Lumbering, therefore, was very 
important. Some of the first settlers had no market for their 
lumber, so they chopped the trees down and burned them. 
Now all lumber is very valuable. 

Most of the logging is done in the winter, r irst, the 
brush and trees are cut from the main road. Then the nctT- 
rower roads or paths are cut on each side. The men who do 
this are called road cutters. Other men cut down the trees 
with "saws and axes. The larger trees are cut into. logs 
sixteen feet long. Some are cut twelve or fourteen feet long, 
while others are even longer than sixteen feet. Later the 
smaller timber is cut into railroad ties,.posts, pulp wood and 
cord wood. The logs are dragged out by te§ms or steam 
engines to the roads. These roads are iced so that the teams 
can haul very large loads to the river or railroad. Some logs 
go bv train' to the saw mill, but in the spring most of the 
logs float in the river to the saw mill towns. The men who 
do this work live in warm and comfortable bunk houses. 
Each camp has one or more cooks. The meals in these camps 
are good. The work is very hard. 


100 


Many kinds of timber are cut; the most valuable is the 
white pine. In 1905 there were 17,000 men employed in 
these camps. The timber was worth $33,000,000.00 then. 
The forests are rapidly disappearing in this state. When 
the timber is cut from the land, farmers come and take out 
the stumps to prepare the ground for farming. Some of 
the land has so much stone, that it is of no value for farms. 
Such land should be kept as a forest and only the large trees 
cut. Then there would be trees for lumber for years to 
come. 

We must find something to take the place of lumber. 
Many things, such as stone, brick, tile, cement, beaver board, 
and oil cloth are being tried. 



LOGGING MACHINERY BUILT IN DULUTH 


O’B I p 89 






101 


The Saw Mill 

When the logs come to the mill they are put into a pond 
of water. In the winter the pond is kept warm by steam 
pipes. The logs are drawn out of the pond by a conveyor 
and taken into the mill. Here the men fasten the log to the 
carriage. This carriage runs past a shining band saw that 
cuts a board off the log each time it passes. These boards 
go to other men who trim off the edges and ends. The lum¬ 
ber is then sorted and put into piles according to the grade. 
Lumber without knots is better than that with knots. The 
clear sawdust is saved and used for packing ice or for sweep¬ 
ing compounds. The larger slabs are cut into lengths four 
feet long and made into lath for houses. All of the small 
slabs and bark are cut into sixteen inch lengths and sold to 
homes as firewood. The pieces that are too small to be used 
for firewood are ground up and put with the sawdust to be 
burned in the boilers in the mill. 

A saw mill is a dangerous place to work. The men must 
be very careful for the logs are wet and heavy and may slip 
and throw the man on to the sharp saw. 

Some logs are not brought to the large towns like Clo¬ 
quet or Duluth but are sawed into lumber in the woods by 
small portable saw mills. These mills cannot do as good 
work as the large mills and they cannot use the sawdust. 

The logs which are not useful for anything else are used 
for paper. Some sawdust is used for paper also. Little Falls, 
Minnesota; International Falls, Minnesota; Brainerd, Minne¬ 
sota; and Cloquet, Minnesota, make much paper. 

O’BIp. 89 


The Thorson Family 

The Thorson family wanted a home. They were tired of 
paying rent. They were tired of having to move when the 
owner of their rented house wanted to sell it. 

Little Joe wanted a home so that he could have a place 
to raise chickens. Little Mary wanted a home so she 
could have a doll house in the yard. Big brother Bill wanted 
a home so he could keep a hunting dog. Mother just 


102 


had to have a garden spot. Father said he would buy an 
automobile if he had a place to keep it. 

Father Thorson bought three lots. He wanted plenty of 
room. He bought the lots not far from a car line. You 
cannot use an automobile all winter, you know. Uncle John, 
who was a carpenter, built the house. Father and brother 
built the garage. Brother Bill painted them. Mother planted 
the garden. Joe made a chicken coop. Mary made a doll 
house under a shady tree. Brother Bill made a house for his 
hunting dog. Father bought a car and put it in his own 
garage. 

The Thorson family are a happy family. They love their 
home. They all helped to make it. 

1. What family wanted a home? 

2. Who wanted to keep a hunting dog? 

3. Who wanted a doll house? 

4. Who wanted a garden? 

5. Who wanted an automobile? 

6. Who wanted to raise chickens? 

7. Who built the house? 

8. Who built the garage? 

9. Who painted the house? 

10. Who planted the garden? 


Here are some questions that are not about the Thorson 
family, see if you can answer them: 

1. Who is president of the United States? 

2. Who was the first president of the United States? 

3. Who is the mayor of Duluth? 

4. Who is at the head of all the public schools in Duluth? 

5. Who is your teacher? 

O’B I p. 89 


Wages 


Some people work for day wages. Some wages are based 
upon the hours worked each day. Other employers pay their 
men a stated price for each piece of work done. Then the 
man who works rapidly and skillfully earns more than the 
man who is not so skillful. 


1. I work 51 days at 
receive? 


5.60 per day. 


2. I work 41 days at $7.20 per day. 


receive: 


How much should I 
How much should I 


3. I work 64 days at $6.50 per day. How much should I 

receive? 

4. I work 4 days at $6.75 per day. How much should I 

receive? 

5. My wages were $4.00 per day in 1914. Now I make $6.50 

per day. How much more do I make now in a week 
of 6 days than I did then? 

6. I now receive $5.00 per day. When I have been employed 

at my trade two more years and am more skillful as a 
carpenter I shall receive $2.00 per day more. How 
much do I receive per week of 6 days now? How 
much shall I receive per week after two years? 

A contractor’s time sheet looks like this: 


1 . 


Monday - - 
Tuesday 
Wednesday - 
Thursday - 
Friday - - 
Saturday - 


John 

Henry 

Pete 

Joe 

9 

10 

7 

9 

- 94 

9| 

6 

94 

- 8 

9 

10 

94 

- 84 

9 

4 

11 

- 9 

10 

8 

11 

- 5 

54 

4 

5 


John is paid at the rate of 50c per hour. How much should 
he receive for the week? 


2. Henry receives 60c per hour. How much does he receive 
per week? 


104 


3. Pete receives 40c per hour. What is his weekly pay? 

4. Joe is paid at the rate of 60c per hour. What is his weekly 

pay? * 

Men usually work ten hours each day. Some factories 
ask the men to work but nine hours and some working days 
are as short as eight hours. Some factories close at 1 P. M. 
on Saturdays to allow the men the Saturday afternoons to 
buy clothes or for pleasure. The employer whose pay roll 
is given above wants his men to work eight hours each day 
and five hours on Saturday. 

1. How many hours should the men work each week? If a 

man is paid 50c per hour and works the regular hours 
each week, what would his pay check be? 

2. If a man works the regular hours, and is paid 40c per 

hour, what would he receive? If paid 60c per hour, 
what would he receive? 

When men work longer than the usual hours they are 
paid at a different rate for the extra time or overtime. 
This contractor pays the men 1 \ times as much for 
overtime as for regular time. 

3. Find out the wages of each of the above men if they are 

allowed time and one-half for overtime. 


PIECE WAGES 

The A. T. & M. Co. has to pay high rent for their work 
room. Therefore they will pay well for rapid work. They 
pay as follows: 

For making article C-7. 

4c each up to 90 articles per day. 

5c each for the next 20 made per day. 

6c each for any over 110 made per day. 

The worker gets no pay for an article that she spoils in 
making and her pay is “docked” one cent (that is lc is sub¬ 
tracted from her pay) for waste of materials. 


4 




A FOUNDRY 













105 


Jenny— 
First week 


100 good articles Monday 

114 “ “ Tuesday 

105 “ Wednesday 

125 “ “ Thursday 

129 “ “ 4 Spoiled Friday 

115 “ “ 6 “ Saturday 


Second week 


111 good articles 2 
100 “ “ none 

98 “ “ 6 

116 “ “ 2 

118 “ “ 4 

121 “ “ 6 


Spoiled Monday 
“ Tuesday 
“ Wednesday 
“ Thursday 
“ Friday 
“ Saturday 


1. Find Jenny's wages for each day. 

2. Find her wages for the first week. 

3. Find her wages for the second week. 

4. Find her wages for both weeks. 


PIECE WAGES IN A FOUNDRY 


Casting C-l, 4c each 
Casting C-2, 5c each 
Casting C-3, 5c each 


Casting C-4, 44c each 
Casting C-5, 61c each 
Casting C-6, 5|c each 


Joe, 

Mike, 

Pete 

Louis 

John 

Tony 


Casting C-5 
“ C-5_ 

Number—Monday 
_110____ 

Tuesday 
_116 

_114_ 

_120 

“ C-2_ 

_125_ 

_116 

“ C-l _ 

_180_ 

_192 

“ C-3 __ 

_150. ___ 

_148 

“ C-6 . 

_136_ 

_142 


1. Find Joe's wages for Monday. For Tuesday. 

2. Find Mike’s wages for Monday and Tuesday. 

3. Find the wages for each man for each day. 

4. How much did all of the men receive Monday? Tuesday? 

5. Which man makes the most money? 


O’B I p. 90 




















106 


This and That 


1. This book is on my desk 

We use this when we point out one thing that is near us. 

2. That book is over there on the table. 

We use that when we point out one thing that is away 
from us. 


Put this or that in the blanks below: 

1. What kind of a flower is_at your feet? 

2. _is the kind of an apple I like to eat. 

3. Come and look at_bird’s nest. 

4. I like_book in my hand better than__ 

book on your table. 

5. _child by the door is taller than_ 

by my side. 

6. I would rather go to_big school than to 

little school on the hill. 

7. I shall attend_church, it is too far to__ 

church. 

8. -pair of shoes is cheaper than_ 

shoes. 


these and those 

1. These apples on my desk are red. 

We use these when we point out more than one thing 
that is near us. 

2. Those apples on your desk are green. 

We use those when we point out more than one thing 
that is away from us. 


child 


pair of 















107 


Put these or those in the blanks below: 

1. Did you speak to__people in the automobile over 

there? 

2. Put fresh water on_flowers here on my desk, 

please. 

3. _pencils in my hand are not sharpened, but 

_on the table in the corner are. 

4. My father raised_potatoes which I have in my 

basket. 

5. _potatoes in the bag were bought at the store. 

6. ___apples on the tree are green but_ 

apples in my basket are ripe. 

7. Do you like_gloves better than_gloves? 

8. _children in the front row there are my cousins. 

O’B I p. 94 


Pronouns 

These words are used when we are talking about a man 
or a boy: 


he his him 

1. The grocer has a new delivery wagon. 

2. He hired a boy to drive his wagon. 

3. He paid him ten dollars a week. 

These words are used in speaking of a woman or girl: 

she hers her 

1. My mother is. coming to see me. 

2. jShe is coming next Wednesday. 

3. I told her to bring her kodak. 

4. My kodak is not as good as hers . 














108 


These are the words we use when speaking of things 
that are neither male (men and boys) or female 
(women and girls): 

it its 

1. The tall pine tree stood alone on its hill. It looked like 
a policeman watching the river below. 

i . 

These are the words we use when speaking of men, boys, 
women, girls, or things that are neither male or female: 

they their them 

You will notice we use the same words for both men and 
women. 

The business men and their wives will have a picnic. 
They will come to the park on the afternoon train. 
They will bring their own band. Automobiles will 
meet them at the train to take them to the park. The 
ladies will sing songs as their part of the program. 
The gentlemen will have speeches as their part on the 
program. 

Put the right words in the blanks: 

1. The engineer stood by_engine._was 

waiting for_orders. 

2. The lady asked_son to bring home a loaf of 

bread. -.-said that_had no bread 

for breakfast. 

3. The machines were not ready. _had not been 

unloaded yet. So I did not have a chance to see_ 

-working. 

4. My watch has stopped. I dropped_on the floor 

yesterday. 

5. My family are living in St. Paul this winter. 

moved there last fall. I visited_at Christ¬ 

mas time. 


O’B I p. 94 














Interest 


109 


When a man has no house of his own he rents a room to 
live in; or he may rent a flat or a house. Then he has to pay 
rent to the man or company who owns the place where he 
lives. Sometimes men rent a horse and buggy for an after¬ 
noon or an automobile for a day. Rent must always be paid 
for these. A man may need some money for a year or two 
years. If he has no money himself he can borrow it from a 
bank or from some company that lends money. But the man 
must pay “money rent” or interest for the money just as he 
pays house rent for the use of a house. 

Another man may have more money than he needs at 
once. Then he saves his money. Some men put the money 
they have saved into a sack and hide it. Others put it into 
a bank and the bank pays them interest for the use of the 
money. The money hidden away does not grow. The money 
in the bank does grow larger and larger each year. Someone 
may steal the sack of money from its hiding place but a bank 
is too strong to be robbed. If a bank should be robbed it 
would not affect the man who puts money into the bank. 
Money may be loaned to a neighbor who pays interest for its 
use instead of putting it into the bank. But sometimes the 
neighbor may not be able to pay it back. The bank always 
pays the money back whenever you want it. 

The usual interest paid for the use of money is 6%. This 
means that 6c is paid for the use of $1.00 for one year. 


1. How much must be paid for the use of $10.00 for one year? 

2. How much interest must be paid for $100.00 for one 

year; for two years; for two and one-half years? 



110 


For small loans one must pay 7and for large loans 6% 
If you want the money for a long time you will pay 
6%. For a short time you ljiust pay 7% interest for 
the money. Also some companies charge a fee for 
making out the papers. 


3. I lend my neighbor §200.00 for one year at 6% interest. 

How much interest should I receive each year? How 
much should I receive in four years? Interest is usually 
paid each half year. What would the interest in this 
problem be for one-half year? 

4. I put §300.00 in the bank at 4%. How much interest do I 

receive each year? How much interest should I re¬ 
ceive in 6 years? 


5. I borrowed $400.00 from the bank at 6% interest per year 
for five years. How much interest did I pay in all? 
How much must I pay to the bank to cancel the debt? 
How much do I pay altogether? 


6. I borrowed §250.00 from my neighbor for two and one- 
half years at 5%. How much interest do I pay each 
year? 


O.B I p. 94 


Ill 


^ Thrift 

For three years wages have been very high. Some men 
who earned 82.50 or 83.00 per day a few years ago have been 
earning $5.'00 and 86.00 every day for the past two yearsi 
But food, clothing, and rent have been very high also. Some 
men have been able to save money and others have not. It 
is ofttimes very hard to save money. Those who save a little 
money each day need never worry about old age or about 
losing a job. 

What shall it profit a man 

—if he earns big wages but saves none of it? 

—if his pay envelope be fat and the paying off of debts 
makes it flat? 

—if he hides his money under a pillow and is robbed of 
all he has saved? 

Always live within your income, 

For there’s this much about it: 

If you do not live within it, 

Some day you will live without it. 

Save for an Education 

John Peterson always had to work very hard but when 
the first baby was born, John put $1.00 in the bank for his 
new son. When the baby was a year old he added two more 
dollars, and every birthday he put money in his son’s bank. 
Then when John, Jr. was old enough to work, he put all the 
money he earned into this bank, too. When he was 18 years 
old and through high school, he had enough to put himself 
through .college. That fall he started in the engineering 
course at the university. John, Jr. could never have done 
this if his father had not saved his money every year. A 
good education is a tool to help us do our work better. 

Save for a Rainy Day 

David Anderson worked in a saw mill. He was a very 
good workman and worked very hard. His employer liked 
him and gave him good wages because David was skillful. 
He could send the swift carriage with its great log back and 



112 


forth very rapidly. But David never saved any money. He 
lived in a nice house and bought many good things to eat. 
His children were very well dressed. The monthly pay check 
hardly paid the rent, grocery, meat, and clothing bills. 

After working many years he got rhumatism and was 
not as quick around the saws as he had been. He tried very 
hard but had to take a poorer place in the saw mill with less 
pay. It was hard to get along at home with less wages, for 
debts began to grow larger. The family lived in a poorer 
house than before but still the debts grew. David and his 
wife worried about their debts. One day David slipped on a 
log and was badly hurt. He was taken to a hospital but when 
he came out, he was not able to work any more. They had 
no money saved up so they were obliged to ask the county 
to give them money and food. 

While it is true that one who labors hard is entitled to 
the best that his money can buy, it is also true that he should 
look forward to the day when, because of physical disability 
and old age, he may not be able to do the same amount of 
work or earn the same wage. 

David wished many times that he had saved his money 
when he was making good wages. He would not have had 
to ask the county to support him when he was old if he had 
had a savings account. 

‘ ‘Save, and teach all you are interested in to save. Thus 
pave the way to moral and material success.’’ 

How One Man Learned To Save 

During the war Joe Wiske had plenty of work and at very 
good wages. He had worked for $4.00 a day for many years 
but when the new ship yard was built, he got a job* there at 
$8.00 per day. One day he decided to learn to rivet and be¬ 
cause he was big and strong, he soon was an expert at his 
work. Then he easily made $10.00 and $12.00 per day. Of 
course, it cost him much more to live than before the war. 
Food and clothing were much higher and Joe wanted many 
nice things to eat and wear. He had very good suits and ex¬ 
pensive shirts. Joe didn’t save much of his money. Even 
after the war, Joe had work at very good wages until last 
fall when many factories were closed. Because Joe was un- 





113 


married and because he did not work long at any one place, 
he was discharged soon. He had very little money and that 
did not last long. Joe found a few short jobs which gave 
him money to buy food for a while. Finally he had no money 
at all. He was proud, but at last he went to a bread line and 
got a bowl of warm soup. In a few days he got another job 
but that was soon ended and within two weeks he was in the 
bread line again. He often thought of the good wages he 
had earned and wished he had saved his money. 

You may be sure that when he did get steady work 
again, he saved some of his money each pay day. 

• 

Some People Use Their Savings to Travel 

Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Anderson always worked hard. 
He was a careful workman and when other men had no work, 
he was kept at work. His wife saved their money. The 
children were always well dressed but nothing was wasted. 
When they had a chance to make a good investment, they 
always had the money. But before investing in anything, 
they went to the cashier of the bank where they kept their 
money and asked his advice. In this way they soon became 
fairly rich. They gave each of their children a good educa¬ 
tion. Finally all of the children were earning their own 
living. 

Mr. and Mrs. Anderson had always wanted to visit sev¬ 
eral of the beautiful places in America. They looked at their 
bank account and found that they had enough money invested 
in, houses, lands, and bonds so that the interest would pay 
all their expenses for six months. Mr. Anderson went down 
to the factory and told the manager that he would stop work 
in two weeks and also told him what he and Mrs. Anderson 
intended to do. They looked over all of the geographies and 
finally decided to go to California. They went first to Port¬ 
land, Oregon, and then to San Francisco and Los Angeles, 
California. They did not stay at the most expensive hotels 
but at the medium-priced hotels where they were comfortable. 
They visited many wonderful places and had all the fresh 
fruit they could eat. They wrote letters home to their child¬ 
ren about the fine times they were having. The best part of 
their good times was that they knew that when they came 




114 


home they would not have any debts to pay. Mr. Anderson 
could go back to his old place in the factory and they would 
still have their investments and a good bank account. 

Thriftogram—Save while you have; invest it safely, and 
you will have something saved. 


Where Should Savings Be Kept? 


Some people put their money away and keep it hidden 
about the house; others who save their money regularly, 
carry it every day to work. This is not the best plan. Sev¬ 
eral stories will illustrate why one should place all savings in 
the bank: 


‘GASSED” AND ROBBED 


Drugged as he slept, Dr. Orville Edwards, living near 
Shelbyville, Indiana, awoke the other morning feeling ill, 
and when he reached under his pillow for his money, found 
that the whole amount of $420.00 had been stolen in the 
night. 


WENT UP IN SMOKE 


When the home of Stanton Cain, of Jamestown, Ken¬ 
tucky, was burned, he lost not only his household goods but 
also $700.00 in money which he had not deposited. 


PARTY MAKES BIG HAUL 


Six men and four women stopped at the home of William 
Caliskey of Ulysses, Pennsylvania, and members' of the gang 
took $21,000.00 in cash and securities while Caliskey and his 
wife were talking to others of the party. 

Thinking a hard coal stove was very safe, Mrs. Ben Juni, 
New Ulm, Minnesota, placed $50.00 inside and closed the 
>or. Someone else found the money and must have been 
need of it, as it disappeared. 


TARRED BUT NOT FEATHERED 


When Joseph Robinson of Coronado, California, was boil- 
g tar in a bucket in his tent home it became too hot and 
ught on fire. While trying to carry the kettle out the door 






115 


he knocked over a table on which was §600.00 in gold and a 
like amount of currency. In the fire that followed the cur¬ 
rency was burned. 

A MOVEMENT IN DIAMONDS 

“The Millionaire Newsboy” is the nickname of Eddie 
Fitzgerald, and he dressed the part with a §1,000 stick pin, 
a §1,200 diamond ring and a roll of $300.00. On his way home 
in Hammond, Indiana, he was beset by three bandits who 
broke a gun over his head and took him in an auto to Chicago. 
While on the way he hid his ring in a shoe but the bandits 
took the other diamond and the cash. 

HIS TREASURE UNEARTHED 

Having buried §4,500 in currency in a secret place, J. P. 
Herman of Sandpoint, Idaho, went away on a visit and on 
returning missed the money. As far as we know he has 
found no trace of it. 

SOME ONE WAS LUCKY 

Hauling a load of apples to Elkhart, Indiana, Howard 
Congdon stuck $250.00 in one of the baskets, thinking it a 
good way to keep money. After getting to town he sold the 
apples then thought of his money. At last report he was 
still hunting for it. 

HE SPILLED THE BEANS 

Hiding $175.00 in an old coffee pot under a covering of 
beans, Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Troute of Dalis City, Illinois, 
thought they were playing safe. But some thief looked be¬ 
neath the beans. 

CIGAR BOX SAFE BURNS 

When a gasoline explosion occurred in the garage of 
Emanuel Harshberger, near Columbia City, Indiana, in his 
excitement the proprietor forgot about a cigar box in which 
he had left §200. When he thought of the box it was too 
late. 



116 


^ Banks are Safe 

Banks are the safest place to keep your savings. At 
night the money and books are placed in large rooms called 
vaults. These rooms are made of steel. The locks on the 
door are a special kind and no one but the bankers can un¬ 
lock the door. Even if there should be a fire the money 
would not burn up when it is inside of this strong vault. 

In Duluth there are two kinds of banks, National and State 
banks. All National banks are under the supervision of the 
Comptroller of the Currency. He works in the Treasury 
department at Washington. The Secretary of the Treasury 


Every National bank must report to the Comptroller of the 
Currency at least five times per year. The government also 
sends inspectors to the banks at many times during the year. 
The banker never knows when the inspectors will come to 
look over the books and accounts of the bank. If the books 
and accounts of the bank are not right, the government will 
not allow the bank to do any more business. State banks 
also make reports about every two months, to the State Sup¬ 
erintendent of Banks. These reports are published in the 
papers. State inspectors also examine the books in state 
banks many times during the year. The government watches 
the banks very carefully to protect the money the people 
have put into them. 

The government believes that banks are safe. We know 
that it is so because the government puts its own money into 
the banks. Did you ever see the sign on a bank window 
“United States Depository?' ’ This means that when money 
is deposited in the post office savings department, the post¬ 
master immediately puts it in a bank to keep. Then when 
the postmaster needs it again, he goes to the bank for it. 
The government collects millions of dollars every year in 
taxes. Some of this money is kept in government safes but 
much of it is kept in the banks. 

The Board of Education keeps its money in Duluth banks 
until it is needed to pay the teachers. Each teacher is given 
a check and she goes to the bank for her money. The city 
and county also keep money in the banks. Did you ever see 
the sign, “Depository for State, County and City,” on a bank 






117 


window? This means that the city and county officials keep 
their tax money in the banks until it is needed to pay for 
paving streets or building roads. 

There is another very good reason why we should put our 
savings in banks. Banks will pay us for the use of our money. 
The banks use this money and make more money with it. So 
they pay us for allowing them to have it. This money is 
really working for us. In Duluth.a bank will pay three cents 
for the use of $1.00 for a year and six cents for the use of 
two dollars for one year. We call this interest at the rate of 
three per cent (3%). The interest is added to the money 
already in the bank and this new sum draws interest for an¬ 
other year. The bank is very careful with the savings that 
are placed in its hands. There are special laws that allow 
the banker to use savings money for very few things. Other 
money in the banks may be used for many things under the 
direction of the government but the government allows the 
banks to use the money for very few kinds of business. 


How Weekly Deposits Grow WITH Interest at 3% 


$1 per week 

2 “ “ 

1 year 
52.73 

2 years 
107.03 

3 years 
162.98 

4 years 
220.61 

5 years 
280.00 

105.48 

214.13 

326.07 

441.40 

560.21 

3 “ “ 

158.21 

321.20 

489.11 

662.09 

840.31 

4 “ “ 

210.94 

428.24 

652.12 

882.77 

1120.38 

5 “ “ 

263.67 

535.30 

815.15 

1103.46 

1400.47 


How Weekly Deposits Grow WITHOUT Interest 


$1 per week 

2 “ “ 

52.00 

104.00 

156.00 

208.00 

260.00 

104.00 

208.00 

312.00 

416.00 

520.00 

3 “ “ 

156.00 

312.00 

468.00 

624.00 

780.00 

4 “ - 

208.00 

416.00 

624.00 

832.00 

1040.00 

5 “ “ 

260.00 

520.00 

780.00 

1040.00 

1300.00 


These tables show how interest at 3% will help your 
savings grow. When the deposits are made at the rate of 
$5.00 per week for five years the man who puts his money in 
the bank at 3% interest has $100.47 more than the man who 
got no interest. 



118 


THE DULUTH BANKS SCHOOL THRIFT ASSOCIATION 

All of the banks of Duluth have formed a company called 
“The Duluth Banks School Thrift Association”. This asso¬ 
ciation sends a clerk to the day school once each week to 
take the savings of the children. This year they will do the 
same in the night schools. This is the way the money is de¬ 
posited. When you bring your money to the clerk in the 
night schoool, you will be given a card to fill out. The card 
looks like this: 

Duluth Banks School Thrift Association. Account No- 

Authorized Signature for Savings Account 

Signature of Depositor__ 

Address of Depositor_ 

Age of Depositor_____ 

(Parent 

Signature of ( or 

(Guardian_ 

Must be signed by Parent or Guardian 

Building__ Teacher__ 

Telephone, Melrose 612. Date_192___ 

IMPORTANT—See Other Side. 

The back of this card is like this, you can choose any 
Duluth bank you wish: 


Duluth Banks School Thrift Association 


Duluth State Bank 

Home State Bank 

Western State Bank 

Park State Bank of Morgan Park 

American Exchange National Bank 

Riverside State Bank 

Northern National Bank 

Minnesota National Bank 


Peoples State Bank 

Central State Bank 

The First National Bank 

Citizens State Bank 

City National Bank 

Bank of Commerce and Savings 

Proctor First National Bank 


Parents or Guardians will please mark X in square BEFORE 
the name of the bank in which they want the account placed. 

If it happens to be in a different bank from the one the 
account is now in, a transfer will be made if desired. 

3 per cent interest will be paid on all School Savings Accounts. 


















119 


r 


f 


The clerk also keeps your signature on another card 
which is like this: 


Account No_ 

Authorized Signaturefor Savings Account. 

Signature of Depositor_ 

Address of Depositor_ 

Age of Depositor___Birthday_ 

(Father___ 

Signature of ( 

(Mother_ 

_Building_Teacher 


Date__ 

Do not fold this card. (Over) 


The back of this card is like this: 

NOTICE 

Name on signature line must be in own handwriting of 
one in whose NAME account stands. 

If child cannot write, parent will please sign for him or 

her. 

Parents will please sign also in own handwriting on line 
indicated. 

Card MUST BE returned without delay for the bank’s 
files. 












120 


When you give her your money she gives you a bank book. 
Your money begins to draw interest at once. When the clerk 
goes back to the bank she deposits your money in the bank 
which you chose on your card. Every time you put money 
in the bank you must have your bank book. The clerk writes 
the amount in the book. You must also bring the book if you 
wish to take out your money. You can get your money at the 
school or at the bank by bringing your book and signing a 
withdrawal slip. If you wish to draw out a large sum of 
money, you should go to the bank. The clerk does not carry 
very much money at one time. 

In the day schools more than 15,000 children bank their 
money every week. During the first seven months of last 
year these children banked more than $73,000. The fifteen 
banks in this association have six clerks who collect the 
money every day and send it to the bank into which the 
children wish to put their money. These banks now have 
decided that they will offer the same privilege to the night 
school students. Do you want to bank in the night school? 


WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH YOUR SAVINGS 

Some men have riot yet brought their families to this 
country and so they send money to them every month. Some 
people send money to friends to help them come to America. 
There are several ways to send money to Europe. One of 
the best ways is through the bank. You give the banker 
your American money and he sends a check to your friends 
in Europe that is paid in crowns, rubles or lire. Of course, 
the bank will charge you a small fee for this service but 
your money will be safe. 

Some people put their savings into good bonds or mort¬ 
gages. These bonds pay 5% interest or more. Not all bonds are 
safe. Before buying any bonds you should always go to your 
banker and ask his advice. Investments that pay a high rate 
of interest are usually unsafe. It is better to secure a smaller 
^interest and be safe. If you wish to buy a mortgage go to a 







good real estate agent, recommended by your banker, 
of the best things to buy with your savings is a house. 


WHY OWN YOUR HOME ? 


One 


Some people like to believe that they are just as well off 
“in the long run” by renting a house as by owning a home. 
Look at these figures: 


Monthly rent 

10 years 

20 years 

$20.00_ 

_$2,400_ 

_$ 4,800 

25.00_ 

_ 3,000_ 

6,000 

30.00_ 

_ 3,600_ 

7,200 

40.00_ 

_ 4,800_ 

____ 9.600 

50.00_ 

_ 6,000_ 

____ 12,000 

60.00_ 

_ 7,200_ 

____ 14,400 

75.00_ 

_ 9,000_ 

____ 18,000 


Any banker will be glad to help you buy a house and lot 
or to buy a farm by giving you advice. 


SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES 

Your bank will help you in another way. Every one has 
some valuable papers. If these were to be burned or lost, 
they could not easily be replaced. Every Duluth bank has 
safe deposit boxes which can be rented for about $3.00 per 
year. When you rent the box, the bank gives you a key. 
This key fits into a lock in your box. But your box has two 
locks and you cannot open it alone. The bank has the key 
to the other lock. Both keys are necessary to open up your 
box. The bank cannot open your box until you come with 
your key and you must have the bank’s key as well as your 
own to open the door. This makes your papers in the bank 
very safe. These boxes are in a large steel vault which can¬ 
not be destroyed by fire. 


















STUDY THIS CHART AND PROFIT BY ITS LESSON 

(Each Space is a Span of 10 Years) 


122 




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123 


BUT, BUT, BUT, BUT, BUT ! 

At the Age of 5. 

Opportunity came to Billy as he sat trying to count the 
nickles Uncle William had given him as a birthday present. 
She came in the form of a little playmate who suggested 
that Billy put his money in an account as he himself had 
done. Billy was fascinated by the pass book which his play¬ 
mate proudly displayed. He wanted one, too, BUT there 
were so many toys and other things he wanted also. The 
toys and other things won out and Opportunity passed on. 

At the Age of 20. 

Opportunity touched the gay, fun-loving youth lightly 
on the shoulder. She wanted to show him the advantage of 
availing himself of a certain good investment. 

“You ? re right. It’s a good proposition BUT I want to 
have some fun out of life. It takes money to have a big 
time these days,” he returned. 

Opportunity shook her head sadly and passed on. 

At the Age of 35. 

Opportunity again sought Billy. She pleaded for system¬ 
atic saving and he lent a listening ear. 

“For the sake of my wife and little children I should 
begin, I know, BUT there are so many things- to buy for 
the kiddies. Perhaps when they grow up, Fll have a surplus.” 

At the Age of 50. 

Opportunity paid little attention to the plea which Billy 
made to her. He wanted to save but he seemed powerless to 
begin. With a few hasty words of advice which she knew 
he would hardly follow she left him. 

At the Age of 60. 

Opportunity scarcely noticed the helpless old man who 
held out appealing hands to her. She barely caught the 
words, “0, Fd begin saving now BUT there is no longer 
anything to save/’ 

O’B I p.94 

M. & C. p. 135-138 



124 

Do and Does 


Here is a diagram to show when to use do and when to 

use does : 


I 

we 

you 

they 

the men 

the women 

the children 


do 


he 

she 

it 

a man 
the woman 
the child 


does 


I)o is used with a plural subject except with I You 
always takes the plural form of the verb whether we are 
speaking of one or more than one. Therefore use do with 
you. Does is used with a singular subject. 


do or does 

Put the right words in the blanks: 


1. Where___you live? 

2. Where__he live? 

3. She_not come to this school. 

4. They_not like the weather. 

5. -you know where the lesson is? 


6. The people_not want him for governor. 

7. ‘'Whatsoever ye would that men should__to you, 

-ye even so to them.’’ Matthew 7:12. 

8-they intend to build on this block? 













125 


9. The band____not play tonight. 

10. _you take sugar in your coffee? 


Change these statements to questions using do or does: 

1. You work in the shoe factory. 

2. They live in Superior. 

3. He drives by here every day. 

4. The street car stops on this corner. 

5. She helps the dressmaker. 

DON'T AND DOESN’T 
Don’t means do not . Doesn't means does not. 

Put the right words in the blanks: 


1. I_like to board at that place. The cook 

_change her bill of fare very often. 

2. _you like to swim on a hot summer day? 

3. Mrs. Hanson_own the store now. 

4. She_write to her friends. She is too busy. 

5. We_like to walk so far to work. 

6. The postman_come there twice a day. 

- 7. You_come to see us very often any more. 

" 8. The children_like this rainy weather. 

^9. Mr. Hanson_sing in the choir. 


O’B I p. 98 














126 


How to Use Some Common Words. No. Ill 


1 

2 


3 

Present 

Past 


Perfect Participle 

Today 

Yesterday 

Used with Helping- Words 

1. bring 

brought 


brought 

2. buy 

bought 


bought 

3. catch 

caught 


caught 

4. dig 

dug 


dug 

5. fight 

fought 

Helping Words 

fought 

6. find 

found 

found 

7. hear 

heard 

is 

heard 

8. hold 

held 

are 

was 

held 

9. keep 

kept 

were 

kept 

10. leave 

left 

have 

left 

11. lose 

lost 

had 
has 
can be 

lost 

12. make 

made 

made 

13. meet 

met 

will be 

met 

14. pay 

paid 

may be 

paid 

15. say 

16. sell 

said 

sold 

shall be 
has been 
had been 

said 

sold 

17. send 

sent 

shall have 

sent 

18. sit 

sat 

will have 

sat 

19. sleep 

slept 

should be 

nmilH Kp 

slept 

20. stand 

stood 

uuuiu uc 

must be 

stood 

21. stick 

stuck 

might be 

stuck 

22. strike 

struck 

struck 

23. sweep 

swept 


swept 

taught 

24. teach 

taught 


25. win 

won 


won 


Perhaps you have noticed that the common words you 
studied in lessons I and II have been one kind, words that 
name something to do. We say these words are used as 
verbs and we call them verbs. There are always these three 
parts to every verb: Present, past and perfect participle. If 
we know these three parts we can use the verb correctly. 

There are some more helping words that are added to the 
perfect participle column. Please read them over. 






127 


f 


Next look at the past and perfect participle of each verb. 
Do you see that they are just alike? Were they alike in les¬ 
sons I and II? 

Fill in these blanks: 

1. Four chairs were_into the room. 

2. I have_my'groceries there for years. 

3. Trout may be_in mountain streams. 

4. A basement will be_under our house. 

5. M grandfather _in the Civil war. 

6. My pocket book must be_today. 

7. A lion has been_in the valley. 

8. Our train was_ _up by the rain. 

9. We_to the right on the street. 

10. Where have you_your wraps? 

11. The campers were_in the woods. 

12. A pie could be_of these berries. 

13. The sisters were_at the train by their father. 

14. Three dollars had been_to the workman 

already. 

15. I have_this many times. 

16. The store has been_to the company across 

the street. 

Large amounts of money should be_by bank 

drafts. 

I have_in the front row four times. 

19. He has_out of doors all summer. 

20. A statue of Lincoln has_in the hall a long 

time. 

The pages are_..-together. 

This floor must be_right away. 

The automobile was_by the east-bound train. 


17 


18. 


21 . 

22 . 

23. 


24. The class was_by Mr. Brown. 

25. The race was_by our boat club. 


O’B II p. 98 


























128 


" Between and Among 

1. I walked between the two buildings. 

2. The child sat between his father and mother. 

3. We drove down the shady street between the rows of tall 

elm trees. 

Please notice in the above sentences that there are two 
buildings, two parents and two rows of trees. We use 
between when speaking of two things. 

1. The lady walked among her flowers. 

2. The property was divided among the five children. 

3. The newsboys ran here and there among the crowd. 

In the last three sentences w e speak of more than two 
flowers, more than two children and of a crowd. We 
use among when speaking of more than two things. 

Use between or among in these sentences: 

1. I drove_the house and the barn. 

2. The cows ate the grass_the trees. 

3. A hill is_our house and the lake. 

4. A valley is the land_two hills. 

5. The train wound in and out_the many mountains. 

6. There is a strong friendship_the members of 

that club. 

7. The boy divided his orange_his two sisters. 

8. The mother divided the pie_the six boys. 

9. A battle was fought__ the Indians and the 

English. 

10. We hunted_the stones for arrow heads. 

11. She pressed the flowers_the covers of a heavy 

book. 

12. His land is_the railroad track and the river. 


O’B II p. 80 
















129 


Paying the Bills 

Many people pay cash for the groceries, meat and clothes. 
But others wait until the end of the month when the pay 
check comes before paying such bills. These bills should not 
be unpaid longer than a month. Some people have house rent 
to pay each month or monthly payments on the furniture 
or on a home. Such payments should be made very carefully. 
One should always get a receipt for such bills. If you are 
buying groceries and paying cash at the same time you do 
not need a receipt. 


STUB RECEIPT 


No. 184 

Date. 

To_ 

No. 184 

Duluth, Minn., _ _ . .1921 

RECEIVED of__ 

_DOLLARS 

For 




$ 





Stub and receipt properly filled out: 


No. 184 

Date.June 2, 1921 

To.James Batlisto 


For.Groceries to 


No. 184 

Duluth, Minn.,.June 2.1921 

RECEIVED of.James Batlisto. 

_Twenty-seven and r%r-DOLLARS 

.For Groceries to May 31, 1921. 


.May 31, 1921.. 

27 t ¥j- — 


M. M. Grocery Co. 

by Peterson. 


Secure receipt forms and make out receipts for all bills 
in former lessons. 








































130 


Sometimes when you send money by mail you do not al¬ 
ways receive a receipt. Then you may be asked to pay for 
the goods twice, because you cannot prove that you have paid 
the first time. A receipt is a very important thing and you 
must know how to write one. Then you can tell whether the 
receipts you get are correct or not. 

Another way to protect yourself is to pay your bills by a 
bank check. Many people put their money in the bank every 
month and pay all usual bills by check. But the checks must 
be written carefully or the check can be made larger by any 
one. A check which has been paid is as good as a receipt. 
Your money is always safe in a bank. 

Blank check and stub: 


Duluth, Minn.,.192.... No.. 

THE SCHOOL BANK 

Pay To 

The Order of.$_ 

. ..Dollars 

In School Currency 


No.:. 

Date.192... 

To. 


$ . 

Bal. 

Dep... 

Total . 

This check 
Bal. 


Check and stub properly filled out: 


No.184... 

Date... June 2,.1921 

To.M. M. Grocery 

.Co. 

$__27 ro%-- 


Bal.50.00 

Dep.10.00 

Total..60.00 

This check.27.85 

Bal...32.15 


Duluth, Minn.,...June 2,.1921 No.. 184.. 

THE SCHOOL BANK 

PayTo 

The Order of.M. M. Grocery Co.$_27 t 8 o 5 -o_ 

_Twenty-seven and tA'- _Dollars 

In School Currency 

.James Batlisto.. 


Secure blank checks and make out checks for all above 
bills. 

When these checks are paid by the bank and returned to 
you, you are sure the bills have been paid. 







































131 


The Post Office Department 

When you sei*d a letter through the mail, you are using 
one of the most important branches of the United States 
government. This is the Post Office department. The duty 
of the Post Office department is to establish post offices, ap¬ 
point postmasters, manufacture stamps, post cards, and other 
post office material, carry letters and packages from one 
place to another and keep your money safely. 

The Duluth post office is located on Fifth avenue west 
and First street. There are five branch post offices. They 
are located at West Duluth, Riverside, Morgan Park, New 
Duluth, and Hunter's Park. The Duluth postmaster is Mr. 

__It takes 

a great many clerks to do the work in a post office. It also 
takes many mail carriers to take the letters to the houses. 
Duluth has eighty-six letter carriers. In different parts of 
the city there are letter boxes. Here we may put in letters. 
The letter carrier collects these and takes them to the post 
office. 

We must be very careful in addressing our letters and 
packages. We must be sure to put on our own address also. 
The letter will then come back to us if it is not delivered. 

The quickest way to send a letter is by special delivery. 
We put on a special stamp besides the regular two cent 
stamp. This stamp costs ten cents. When this letter arrives 
at the post office,.it is sent out by special messenger at once. 

If a person wants to send valuable papers by mail, it is 
best to register the letter. He will then buy a registered 
stamp. This will cost him ten cents. If the letter is then 
lost, the post office will pay part or all of the loss. 

The United States post office has a department which 
carries and delivers parcels. This department is called the 
Parcel Post. 



132 


The United States is divided into zones. The rate of 
postage is fixed according to the zone to which the package 
is sent. The package must not weigh more than seventy 
pounds in the first, second, and third zones, and fifty pounds 
in the other zones. The parcel must not be larger than 
eighty-four inches in length and breadth combined. The 
parcels in Duluth are delivered by trucks or wagons. 

The safest way to send a valuable package is to insure 
it. The clerk at the insurance window will ask what is in 
the package. He will also ask how it is packed and how 
much it is worth. The insurance fee is paid in addition to 
the regular postage. The clerk will charge three cents if the 
goods are not worth over $5.00; five cents for goods worth 
from $5.00 to $25.00; ten cents between $50.00 and $100.00. 
The clerk will give you a receipt which you should keep. If 
your package is lost, you must take your receipt to the clerk, 
and you will receive the amount for which you had it insured. 

There is also a sayings bank at the post office. It is 
called the Postal Savings bank. Your money is safe there. 
The government is back of it. Any person over ten years 
old may open a postal savings account. Any amount up to 
$2500.00 may be deposited. The government will pay you 2% 
interest on your savings. You can take all or part of your 
money out any time you wish. 

The postal savings bank in Duluth had a deposit of 
$282,744.00 in 1919. The total deposit in all the postal sav¬ 
ings banks in the United States was $11,349,960.00 in 1919. 

It is not wise to send coin or paper money in a letter. 
Money may be sent through the mails by a money order. 
You can get a money order at any post office for a small fee. 
The teacher will show you an application for a money order. 

It is interesting to know that the Duluth post office sold 
$654,714.26 worth of stamps in 1919. 

O’B I p. 107 
M & C p. 62-64 
Plass p. 59 


133 


Groups 

1. Several men are standing together. We say “There 

is a group of men.” 

2. Several birds are together in a tree. We say “See 

the flock of birds/’ 

3. Several cows are eating grass. We say “What a fine 

herd of cows.” 

4. The boy sees many fish of the same kind together. 

He says “Don’t frighten the school of fish, I want to 
catch one.” 

5. How many people were there? “There was a large 

croivd present.” 

6. There were many trees around the house. ‘ ‘There 

was a large grove of apple trees.” 

7. A swarm of bees has made its home in that old hollow 

tree. 

8. A pack of wolves ran howling through the woods. 

9. The flowers grew in clusters on the lawn. 

10. I picked a bunch of radishes for our dinner. 

11. A fleet of warships sailed across the ocean. 

12. A gang of men worked in the field. 

13. A bevy of ladies attended the meeting. 

14. The mob of people went wild with anger when the 
police told them to leave. 

15. The conductor and his crew of trainmen went to the 
wreck. 

16. The audience cheered when the president’s name was 
mentioned. 

17. The church has a large congregation . 

18. I had ten heads of cabbages in my garden. 


134 

Put the right word in 

these blanks: 


group 

grove 

gang 

audience 

bunch 

flock 

herd 

mob 

swarm 

pack 

cluster 

bevy 

crowd 

fleet 

congregation 

head 

school 

crew 


1. There was a_of pike near my boat. 

2. A_of geese flew over the city. 

3. A_of flies settled on the honey. 

4. A_of boats sailed into the harbor. 

5. We buy lettuce and cabbage by the_ 


6. We saw a_of sheep on the hillside. 

7. Great_of cattle and horses came to the river 

to drink. 

8. Wolves run in_in the winter. 


9. A_of laborers are building the bridge. 

10. The roses grew in_ 

11. A_of children were around the teacher. 

12. A_of school girls came in laughing. 

13. A_of boys are camping by the river. 

14. A_of women demanded food for their children. 

15. There are many_of orange trees in the west. 

16. A___of bees came in the window. 

17. A_of cards lay on the table. 

18. The threshing_came to the tent for their 

dinner. 

19. The speaker spoke to a large__ 

20. A large_listened to the sermon, Sunday. 

21. I paid five cents for a_^_of onions. 


O’B I P 111 























135 


Social Customs of America 

Every country has some ways of doing things that are 
different from other countries. When we go into a new coun¬ 
try we like to know these strange manners. Here are some 
American social manners. Are they like the social manners 
of your country? 

HAT MANNERS 

A man always takes off his hat in a school building, a 
private house, a private office, a theater, or an eating place. 

A man always lifts his hat when he meets a lady whom 
he knows. If two men are walking down the street and they 
meet a lady whom only one of the gentlemen knows, they 
both lift their hats. * . 

A man lifts his hat when he gives his seat to a lady m a 

street car. . . , . 

When a man meets a man friend who is with a lady, he 
lifts his hat even if the lady is a stranger to him. 

A man with a lady always lifts his hat to all those who 
speak to the lady whether he knows them or not. 


STREET MANNERS 


People should always go to the right when meeting other 

people on the street. , , , „ ,, 

When a man is walking with a lady, he walks on the side 
of the walk nearest the middle of the street. 

A lady always speaks to a gentleman first unless they 
have been friends for a long time and then it does not make 


much difference. , „ ^ ~ _ 

A gentleman with a lady gets off the street car first so 

as to be ready to help the lady off. . , . 

A lady always thanks a gentleman who gives her his 

seat in a street car. 


INTRODUCTION MANNERS 
When introducing a man and a woman, speak the man’s 
name first as, “Mr. Brown, Mrs. Smith.” Sometimes we ask 
the woman’s permission to introduce the man as Mrs. Smith, 
may I introduce Mr. Brown?” “Mr. Brown, Mrs. Smith. 


136 


A gentleman always stands when he is introduced. A 
lady does not stand when she is introduced to a gentleman 
unless he is very old. 

DANCE MANNERS 

A young man asks a young lady if he may have the 
pleasure of dancing with her. She says, “Yes, thank you 

or “certainly Mr_When they are through 

dancing he takes her to a seat and thanks her for dancing 
with him. The lady always says she enjoyed it. A young 
man never asks a young lady to dance with him unless he 
has been introduced to her. 

INDOOR MANNERS 

A lady always passes in front of a gentleman when go¬ 
ing through a door. Of course, common sense is used in all 
social customs. If a door is hard to open, the man opens it 
and goes in first to hold it open. 

In the theatre the lady follows the usher to the seats. 
The gentleman follows the lady. 

When there is no usher, the gentleman goes ahead. He 
finds the seats and waits for the lady to pass in front of him 
and seat herself. 


TABLE MANNERS 

It is not the custom in America to put the knife into one’s 
mouth. It is not the custom to pour coffee or tea into a 
saucer to cool it nor to drink it. 

FLAG MANNERS 

Everyone should rise when saluting our flag or upon 
hearing the Star Spangled Banner played. Men take off their 
hats. Americans get very angry when anyone forgets to 
take off his hat when listening to the Star Spangled Banner. 
It is not good manners to talk when the Star Spangled Ban¬ 
ner is being played. 

Please tell the class of the custom and manners of doing 
these things in your country. 


O.B I p. 112 



137 


Buying Dry Goods 

1. At $3.75 per yd., how many yds. of serge can be bought 

for $20? 

2. If yds. of material are required to make one cover-all 

apron, how many yds. will be needed to make four 
aprons? 

3. Summer suits for my boy would cost $8.00 apiece. I 

made three for him at a cost of $5.50 per suit. How 
much did I save? 

4. My husband lost a suit case in a fire. In the suit case 

were 1 pair of shoes valued at $7.00, 4 pairs of socks 
valued at 50c per pair, 2 suits of underwear valued at 
$1.00 per suit, 3 shirts valued at $1.50 apiece, 2 neck¬ 
ties valued at $1.25 apiece. What was the total value 
of the articles lost? 

5. A woman lad a $10.00 bill. She bought 3 cards of but¬ 

tons at 15c per card, 1 doz. spools of cotton at 96c per 
doz., 2 packages of rick rack braid at 15c per package, 

3 cards of hooks and eyes at 10c per card, 2 bolts of 
lawn binding at 35c per bolt, 1 roll of cotton tape at 
10c per roll, 1 spool of silk thread at 18c. How much 
change did she get? 

6. I bought some remnants of gingham for house dresses. 

There were 7 yds. in a piece which cost $3.50, 8 yds. 
in a piece which cost $4.00, and 71 yds. in a piece 
which cost $4.50. How many yds. of gingham did I 
buy? How much did I pay for all of the gingham. 

7. I wished to give my daughter a wedding present. I 

bought 1 doz. sheets each 2i yds. long at 65c per yd., 
1 doz. pillow cases at 45c apiece, 2 doz. huck towels at 
$6.00 a doz., 1 doz. bath towels at $5.50 per doz., 6 
wash cloths at 15c apiece. How much did the present 
cost? 

8. I bought some hair ribbons for my little girl. One was 

1 \ yds. and cost 85c per yd., one was 11 yds. and cost 
$1.00 per yd., one was 11 yds. and cost $1.50 per yd. 
How much did I pay for all of them? 

9. I made myself a dress. I paid $3.00 per yd. for 7 yds of 

satin, 95c per yd. for 4 yds. of ribbon, 15c per card for 

4 cards of snap fasteners, 10c per card for 1 card of 
hooks and eyes, 18c per spool for 2 spools of silk thread, 


188 


8c per spool for 1 spool of cotton thread, 35c per bolt for 
lawn seam binding, and $4.00 for trimming. What 
did my dress cost? \ 

10. A man and his wife went shopping. The man bought 3 
pairs of socks at 50c per pair, 3 neckties at $1.00 
apiece, 4 shirts at $1.50 apiece, 1 suit at $40.00. His 
wife bought a suit at $65.00, 1 pair of shoes at $7.Q0, 

2 blouses at $5.00 apiece, 2 pair lisle stockings at 69c 
per pair. Which one spent the most? 

O’B [ p. 114 


Phrases 

Phrases are groups of words that help out the meaning 
of a sentence. 

Make sentences using these phrases: 


1. of great size. 

2. without a home. 

3. above him. 

4. across the river. 

5. at home. 

6. after that. 

7. along the shore. 

8. before me. 

9. among the trees. 

10. beneath the sky. 

11. behind the house. 

12. into the deep water. 

13. according to the news¬ 

paper. 

14. in regard to your letter. 

15. for the sake of his father. 

16. for him and us. 

17. for him and me. 

18. for her and me. 

19. between you and me. 

20. among us. 

21. in place of dessert. 

O’B I p.115 


22. over the fence. 

23. past them. 

24. since yesterday. 

25. till next week. 

26. to the post office. 

27. under our feet. 

28. up the tree. 

29. without a dollar. 

30. aboard the ship. 

31. about you and me. 

32. in the room. 

33. into the room. 

34. out from under. 

35. just before the storm. 

36. of no value. 

37. out of sight. 

38. from over the way. 

39. in spite of all. 

40. without doubt. 

41. to make up my mind. 

42. to break up housekeeping. 

43. to use up the sugar. 




139 


A Trip to Lester Park 

In order to keep well and happy every one needs rest. 
Rest does not always mean sleep. It means a change. In a 
park you will find the air fresh and cool. This would be a 
nice place to spend a day for recreation. 

Have you ever been to Lester park? If not, you must go 
there. Lester park is located on the banks of Lester river at 
Sixty-first avenue east. You can reach this park by taking a 
Lester park street car going east on Superior street. The 
Lester park car starts from Eighth avenue west. Lester park 
is at the end of the Lester park street car line. 

If you come from the western part of the city, you can 
transfer at Third avenue west and Superior street. If you 
come from the eastern part of the city, you can transfer at 
Twenty-fourth avenue east and Superior street, or at Third 
avenue west and Superior street. You can reach this park 
by automobile if you follow London road. 

In the park are many beautiful trees and flowers.' 
Benches are under the trees where tired people may rest. 
Many people spend the afternoon in reading under the shade 
trees. Others bring their friends and enjoy a picnic. There 
are swings and see-saws for the children, and open fields 
where the older children may play ball and other games. A 
merry-go-round is here for the enjoyment of all. Ice cream 
and other refreshments may be bought. Often the band plays 
in the evening or on Sunday afternoons. In the park also 
are pavillions used for dancing certain evenings of the week. 

Lester river runs through the park. There are many 
nicely kept walks aJong the river and through the park. 

At the foot of Lester river is the United States Fish 
Hatchery. This is an interesting place to visit, especially in 
the early spring when the fish are hatching. 

Duluth has many natural parks. No matter in what part 
of the city you live, you are near some park. The other 
amusement parks besides Lester park are: Fairmont, which 
has a swimming beach, is located at Seventieth avenue west; 
Lincoln at Twenty-fifth avenue west; Chester at Fourteenth 
avenue east; Congdon at Thirty-second avenue east; and 
Cascade on First avenue west and Fifth Street. 

O’B I p. 116 
M & C p. 116-125 


140 


Proverbs and Quotations 


A proverb is a saying that is many years old. No one 
knows who said them first. 

These proverbs you have probably heard in other lan¬ 
guages: 


< 


1. Honesty is the best policy. 

2. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. 

3. It is a long lane that has no turning. 

4. In union there is strength. 

5. If you want a thing well done do it yourself. 

6. Nothing ventured, nothing won. 

7. Straws show which way the wind blows. 

8. Where there is a will, there is a way. 

9. Birds of a feather flock together. 

10. Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 

11. United we stand, divided we fall. 

12. Haste makes waste. 

13. The only way to have a friend is to be one. 

14. A good name is better than great riches. 

15. Never spend your money before you have it. 

16. Speech is silver, silence is golden.. 

17. Look before you leap. 

18. A stitch in time saves nine. 

19. Do not cry over spilt milk. 

20. Never find pleasure in another’s misfortune. 

21. Rome was not built in a day. 

22. One today is worth two tomorrows. 

23. Health is better than wealth. 

24. Cleanliness is next to godliness. 

25. It is never too late to learn. 

26. Better late than never. 

27. A penny saved is a penny earned. 

\28. Save the pennies and the dollars will take care of them- 
\ . selves. 





141 


29. Enough is better than too much. 

30. An empty barrel makes the loudest noise. 

31. Look up and not down. 

32. Look forward and not backward. 

33. Always lend a helping hand. 

34. Do not count your chickens before they are hatched. 

35. A place for everything and everything in its place. 

36. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. 

37. Deeds are greater than words. 

38. Well begun is half done. 

39. When the cat’s away, the mice will play. 

40. You cannot eat your cake and have it, too. 

41. Many hands make light work. 

42. Kind words never die. 

43. Honor thy father and thy mother. 

44. Every little helps. 

45. Think twice before you speak. 

46. It is never too late to mend. 

47. The early bird catches the worm. 

48. A soft answer turneth away wrath. 

49. All things come to him who waits. 

50. Lost time is never found again. 

51. All that glitters is not gold. 

52. God helps those who help themselves. 

53. Better alone than in bad company. 

54. A poor workman quarrels with his tools. 

55. Live for something, do not be idle. 

56. He who cannot obey cannot command. 

57. Borrow neither time nor money of your neighbors; both 

are of equal value. 

58. Resist temptation till you conquer it. 

kq A man who cannot mind his own business is not to be 



trusted with another’s. 



142 


A quotation is a saying of some person. These are quo¬ 
tations: 

1. “A government of the people, by the people, and for the 

people shall not perish from the earth/”—Abraham 
Lincoln. 

2. “You can fool some of the people all of the time, all of 

the people some of the time, but you can’t fool all of 
the people all of the time.”—Abraham Lincoln. 

3. “Give me liberty or give me death.”—Patrick Henry. 

4. “A small leak will sink a ship. “ — Benjamin Franklin. 

5. Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye 

even so to them.”—Matthew 7:12. 

6. “He serves his party best who serves the country best.” 

—Rutherford B. Hayes. 

“We are never too old to learn.” —Benjamin Franklin. 

8. “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are 

created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator 
with certain inalienable rights, that among these are 
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”—The 
Declaration of Independence. 

9. “We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 

more perfect union, establish justice ; insure domestic 
tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote 
the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish 
this Constitution of the United States of America.”— 
Preamble to the Constitution. 

10. “America is an unfinished land. Its possibilities will 

never end.”—Franklin K. Lane. 

11. Let the man, who, without good excuse, fails to vote, be 

deprived of the right to vote.”—Miller. 

12. “The people's laws define usages, ordain rights and 

duties, secure, public safety, defend liberty, teach rev¬ 
erence and obedience and establish justice.”—Written 
by President Eliot and chiseled upon the St. Louis 
County court house. 

13. “I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the republic for 

which it stands; one nation indivisible with liberty 
and justice for all.”—Pledge of Allegiance. 

O’B I p.118 





143 

Learn and Teach 

Learn means to get knowledge for oneself. 

Teach means to give knowledge to another. 

1. The men learn to swim in the Y. M. C. A. building. 

2. I teach arithmetic to the saleswomen. 

3. I learned dressmaking in night school. 

4. His father taught him to read. 

5. He learned to make furniture. 

6. Who taught you to knit? 

7. I taught my brother to swim. 

8. He learned easily. 

9. Teach me how to speak French. 

10. I shall learn quickly. 

Fill in the blanks with teach or taught; learn or learned. 


1. Who_him to play the piano so well. 

2. Will you_me how to make a hat. 

3. I wish to_how to use a typewriter. 

4. My mother_me to cook. 

5. I_ my dog to climb a ladder. 

6. Have you_your arithmetic lesson? 

7. My teacher_me to write a business letter. 

8. We_,___how to fill out a bank check. 

9. Who_you to make baskets? 


10. The blind people_to make baskets in the 

Light House on Superior street. 


O'B I p. 122 














144 


How to Use Some Common Words. No. IV 

VERBS 

Present Past Perfect Participle 

come came come 

run ran run 

These two verbs come and run have the present tense 
form and the perfect participle form spelled alike. These 
two verbs are the only common verbs which do this. 


Fill out these blanks: 

come, came, come 

1. I_to school three nights a week. 

2. We_to school yesterday. 

3. She has_to see the principal. 

4. They had_to the city to hear the concert. 


run, ran, run 

1. The man_to the car line. 

2. I shall__down the hill. 

3. This machine will be_by an expert. 

4. He has_in many races. 

Here is a verb that has its three parts spelled alike but 
pronounced differently: 

Present Past Perfect Participle 

read , read read 

This is the only common verb that does this. 

Fill these blanks: 

1. I shall_this book today. 

2. I-a magazine yesterday. 

3. A book was-to the children by their mother. 

4. We came to hear the class_ 


















145 

Here are some verbs that have all three parts spelled 
alike. Read them over: 


Present 

Past 

Perfect Parti 

1. burst 

burst 

burst 

2. cost 

cost 

cost 

3. cut 

cut 

cut 

4. hit 

hit 

hit 

5. hurt 

hurt 

hurt 

6. let 

let 

let 

7. put 

put 

put 

8. quit 

quit 

quit 

9. rid 

rid 

rid 

10. shut 

shut 

shut 

11. split 

split 

split 

12. spread 

spread 

spread 


Fill,in these blanks: 

1. The rosebuds_into blossom. 

The rosebuds have_into blossom. 

2. The house must have_him $8000. 

What is the_of these shoes? 

3. Mr. Olson_the grass on his lawn. 

I have___my finger. 

4. The wagon was_by the street car. 

The boy___the house with a snowball. 

5. He_himself on a sharp stone.. 

The flowers were_by the frost. 

6. He will_me go with you. 

_„.„.me do this for you. 

7. I_a chair by the fire for him. 

Where have you___my magazine? 

I_working yesterday. 

He has_making furniture. 




















146 


9. I hope we are now_of the mosquitoes. 

We_ the yard of dandelions by digging them 

up. 

10. Please,_the door. 

He has_and locked all the windows. 

11. The wood is_for the fireplace. 

The voters_the ticket. 

12. __some butter on my bread, please. 

The oil has__all over the lake. 

O’B I p. 122 


Henry W. Longfellow 

The United States has many great men and women who 
have written good stories and poems. Mr. Henry W. Long¬ 
fellow is one of these great writers. He was born in Port¬ 
land, Maine, in 1807 and died in 1882. 

Mr. Longfellow was a man who loved the working people, 
and loved the things they did. One of his friends was a 
blacksmith. Mr. Longfellow passed his shop nearly every 
day when he lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He wrote 
this poem about his friend: 

THE VILLAGE BLACKSMITH 

Under a spreading chestnut-tree 
The village smithy stands; 

The smith, a mighty man is he. 

With large and sinewy hands; 

And the muscles of his brawny arms 
Are strong as iron bands. 

His hair is crisp, and black, and long, 

His face is like the tan; 

His brow is wet with honest sweat,. 

He earns whate’er he can, 

And looks the whole world in the face, 

For he owes not any man. 











147 


Week in, week out, from morn till night, 
You can hear his bellows blow; 

You can hear him swing his heavy sledge, 
With measured beat and slow, 

Like a sexton ringing the village bell, 

When the evening sun is low. 

And children coming home from school 
Look in at the open door; 

They love to see the flaming forge, 

And hear the bellows roar, 

And catch the burning sparks that fly 
Like chaff from a threshing-floor. 

He goes on Sunday to the church, 

And sits among his boys; 

He hears the parson pray and preach, 

And hears his daughter’s voice 

Singing in the village choir, 

And it makes his heart rejoice. 

It sounds to him like her mother’s voice. 
Singing in Paradise! 

He needs must think of her once more, 
How in the grave she lies; 

And with his hard, rough hand he wipes 
A tear out of his eyes. 

Toiling,—rejoicing,—sorrowing, 

Onward through life he goes; 

Each morning sees some task begun, 

Each evening sees its close; 

Something attempted, something done, 

Has earned a night’s repose. 

Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend, 
For the lesson thou hast taught! 

Thus at the flaming forge of life 
Our fortunes must be wrought; 

Thus on its sounding anvil shaped 
Each burning deed and thought. 


O’B I p. 122 


148 


The Story of Duluth 

Did you ever take a ride in an Incline car on a clear day 
and look down over the city of Duluth? If you never have, 
you should do so as soon as possible, for you will certainly 
enjoy it. 

You can look from this car out over the city and lake for 
many miles. You can watch the big boats come and go. 
Some are loaded with coal from Pennsylvania and some are 
carrying different kinds of goods, as automobiles from De¬ 
troit or perhaps farm machinery from Cincinnati. 

The boats going out are carrying lumber from our 
forests, wheat and flax from our farms, and iron ore from 
our mines. Here and there a passenger boat gives color to 
the scene. All boats pass to and fro under the high Aerial 
bridge and in and out the St. Louis bay, making Duluth one 
of the important shipping harbors of the United States. 

Look eastward from the car and see the beautiful homes 
of the city extending far along the wooded lake shore. Look 
next toward the west and see the great business part of the 
city with its tall smoking factory chimneys and long lines of 
trains running everywhere. If you look still farther west 
along the St. Louis river, you may be able to see the smoke 
of the great blast furnaces of the Minnesota Steel plant. 
One cannot help but say, “What a beautiful city! What a busy 
city!'* 

Nearly 100,000 people live in Duluth and it is growing all 
the time. But a long time ago, Duluth was a little village 
and a long time before that there wasn't any Duluth at all. 
Indians only, walked or rode on ponies over the rugged hills 
and only birch bark and log canoes floated on the blue surface 
of the lake and river. 

This is the interesting story of our Duluth: 

Over two hundred years ago, 1687, a French soldier and 
fur trader by the name of Daniel de Greysolon Sieur Dul Hut 
was sent out from Quebec, Canada, to look for furs and cop¬ 
per along the shores of Lake Superior and to take possession 
of the land for the King of France. This brave Frenchman, 
Dul Hut, and his Indian guides, with their dog teams, carried 
their boats through thick forests. They sailed on lakes and 
streams until they came to the place where the city of Duluth 
now is. At Fond du Lac, meaning the head of the lake, Dul 


149 


Hut started a fur trading post with the Indians. He was a 
kind and wise friend to them. He made peace between the 
Chippewa Indians who lived here and the fierce Sioux tribe 
who lived farther south. 

Later, men found how easy it was to cut down the large 
trees in the forests about here and float the logs down the 
river to the lake. Thus a great lumber industry began. 

In those days the only easy means of transportation was 
by boat as there were no railroads. Boats had to carry away 
the lumber and bring back food and other supplies. Soon the 
little trading post at Fond du Lac grew and spread down the 
river and a little town grew on the lake shore. The people, 
in 1857, named it Duluth. You will notice that they spelled 
the name of the Frenchman, Dul Hut, differently. 

In 1870, Duluth became a city and in 1884 the first ship¬ 
ment of iron ore was made from the rich mines on the Ver¬ 
milion range. In the eastern part of this city is a street 
called the Vermilion road. When next you auto along this 
smooth, broad highway, just think of it as it once was, a 
narrow trail through the woods over which men and Indians 
went back and forth from the Vermilion range. 

While Duluth was growing from a village into a city, all 
the boats had to go around Minnesota Point, which is seven 
miles long, and through the Superior entry, before they 
could get into St. Louis Bay and into Duluth. So the people 
of this city asked the United States government to cut a 
canal through the Point. This was done and the Aerial bridge 
was built. This bridge is the only one of its kind in America. 

The rich soil of the country around Duluth drew many 
people here and they pushed farther and farther back into 
the surrounding country and raised much wheat and flax. 
Railroads were built to Duluth so that these grains'could be 
shipped cheaply by boat to Buffalo and New York, and from 
there all over the world. So this is how Duluth came to be 
the great city you see from the Incline car. 

The citizens of Duluth now want all canals between here 
and the Atlantic ocean made wider so the big ocean liners 
can come directly to this harbor. That will bring more busi¬ 
ness, a greater population, and help all people in the North¬ 
west. When that time comes, who can tell what we may see 
from the Incline car? 


O’B I p. 123 


150 


Father Louis Hennepin 

Father Hennepin was a French priest who lived in 
France. He was a friend of Daniel Greysolon Dul Hut, the 
man from whom our city got its name. Father Hennepin 
heard so many wonderful stories about the New World and 
its strange, red people, that he wanted very much to go to 
America, and it was with great joy that he received permis¬ 
sion from the French government to go to America as a mis¬ 
sionary. 

While he was in Canada, he heard about some men who 
were going to sail up the Mississippi river to find its head¬ 
waters. He asked if he might go with them and teach the 
Indians to be Christians. The men were very glad to have 
him go. 

When this party of men reached the Mississippi river 
by sailing down the Illinois river, only three of them wanted 
to go up the Mississippi. The rest decided to go down. Father 
Hennepin was one of the three. These men thought the 
headwaters of the Mississippi might be a sea over which they 
could reach Japan. People in those days did not know much 
about the size of America. They did not think it was very 
wide and were always looking for a passage through to Japan 
or India. 

It was in March, 1680, when these brave and strong 
men began their upward journey. It was a long, hard, tire¬ 
some trip. They ate berries and killed wild turkeys. Some¬ 
times they were fortunate enough to shoot a deer or a 
buffalo that came down to the water's edge to drink. 

One day as they looked up the river they saw many 
canoes coming toward them filled with Sioux Indians on the 
warpath. These Indians had not been able to find their 
enemies so they vented their anger upon the three men. 
They took them back up the river with them as prisoners. 
When they came to the place where St. Paul now stands, 
the Indians went by land to a lake called Mille Lacs, taking 
their prisoners with them. The Indians were not kind to 
Father Hennepin, but they did not dare to kill him for fear 
that some great harm might come to them. They thought 
he might be some spirit from Heaven. They were afraid of 
his compass which always pointed north, and they were ter- 


151 


rified at the sound of his gun. After a while the Indians 
took the white men back to the Mississippi river. This time 
they passed some great falls which Father Hennepin named 
St. Anthony Falls. 

While all this was happening to our little party, Daniel 
Greysolon Dul Hut was trading for furs with the Indians on 
the shores of Lake Superior. Some one told him that his 
old friend Father Hennepin was a prisoner of the Sioux. He 
with some guides, started quickly to the rescue. He met the 
Sioux Indians below the falls of St. Anthony and took Father 
Hennepin away from them. Father Hennepin went back 
with Dul Hut to Canada, and from there back to France, 
where he wrote a book about his trips in America. 

After Father Hennepin’s journey up the Mississippi, 
men followed in his trail to trade for furs with the Indians. 
They gave the Indians beads, knives and bright colored 
cloth in exchange for rich furs. Wealthy fur companies 
built storehouses near St. Anthony Falls. Can you tell why 
they built near these falls? A fort was built on the river 
bank called Fort Snelling. This fort was needed to protect 
white settlers from hostile Indians and from white men who 
wanted to rob them. 

Sawmills were built to make lumber from the forests 
along the river. Many, many great fortunes were made in 
this lumber industry. As the men went further from the 
river to cut trees they noticed the rich prairie, and men began 
to farm and raised much wheat and flax. In 1823 the first 
steamboat to reach St. Anthony Falls, arrived. After that 
the two cities, St. Paul and Minneapolis, grew rapidly. 
When we are in Minneapolis we can see the huge mills on 
St. Anthony Falls, and further down the river the original 
Fort Snelling keeps watch over the “Father of W aters >” 
which is the meaning of the Indian word, Mississippi. 

The county in which Minneapolis lies is called Hennepin 
county in honor of the courageous old French priest. Min¬ 
neapolis is now the largest city in Minnesota. Minneapolis 
is an Indian name meaning “City of Laughing Water.” St. 
Paul is the second largest city in the state and is the state 
capital. 


O’B I p. 123 


Public Signs 

Watch Your Step. 

Standing Room Only. 

Step Lively. 

No Transfers. 

Car Full. 

Move Forward. 

Depot. 

Do. Not Lean Out of the Windows. 
To Let. 

For Rent. 

For Sale. 

Wanted. 

For Hire. 

Not Running. 

Use the Other Door. 

For Employees Only. 

Out of Order. 

Fire Alarm. 

Tables Reserved for Ladies. 

Not Responsible for Hats and Coats. 
Post No Bills. 

Turn to the Right. 

Hands Off. 

Not Open to the Public. 

Return in 20 Minutes. 

Closed on Saturday at Noon. 

One Minute. Please. Next Picture 
Will Be Shown Immediately. 
Intermission. 

Matinee 2:15 P. M. 

Evening Performance 7:00 to 11:00 
P. M. 

Children Under 16 Not Admitted 
v Unless Accompanied by Their 
\ Guardians. 





153 


A Night School Club 

Last winter the men and women in a Duluth night 
school had a club. Every week they met for one-half hour 
to discuss current events and government. Both men and 
women spoke. Sometimes they invited others to come and 
explain to them matters which they did not understand. 
Everyone enjoyed these meetings. 

During the winter they had many parties. In February 
they had one party that will always be remembered. For 
two weeks the club had been divided into two sides, each 
trying to get new students. Each new student counted one 
for the side that brought him to school. When the contest 
was over, the side that lost gave the winners a party. The 
leader of the losing side appointed a committee that decided 
how much money was needed for the party. Then they 
taxed each party twenty-five cents. When the money was 
collected they purchased food and prepared it. 

At each of the parties the members paid fifteen or 
twenty cents. Sometimes there was more than enough to 
pay the bills. Then the surplus was kept for another party. 
The officers and committee received no pay for their work. 
They did what there was to do free because they wanted the 
club to succeed. If there had been enough business to re¬ 
quire the officers to do a great deal of work they should have 
been paid for it. If it required all of their time they should 
have been paid enough to support themselves. Some clubs 
pay $6.00 or $7.00 per month to the treasurer to keep the 
books, but in most clubs and lodges the officers serve the club 
free because they want to make their club a success. 

O’B I p. 126 


Paying Taxes 

When the people in a club or society want something for 
use in their club or wish to hire someone to work for them, 
they ask each person to pay his or her share of the cost. 
They tax themselves to pay for the party or to hire a lecturer. 


154 


A city is really a large club. The people of a city like 
Duluth, hire a mayor and four commissioners to run the city 
for them. They pay these men a salary. They hire police¬ 
men to protect their lives, and firemen to protect their prop¬ 
erty. They hire a doctor to protect their health through the 
health department. Each person must contribute to these 
and many other expenses. Those who are able should pay 
much more than the others who cannot pay as much. Any¬ 
one who owns a piece of land or a building is taxed a certain 
per cent of its value. 

Some of the business of the United States is carried on 
by the cities, towns and counties. Some of it is carried on 
by the states. Some of it is carried on by the United States 
government. The chief expenses of the national govern¬ 
ment are the postal system, paying of pensions, keeping up 
of the army and navy, and making public improvements. 
Money to pay the expenses of the national government comes 
from the taxes which are paid on articles coming into this 
country from other countries. These taxes are on tobacco, 
cloth, gloves, tea, coffee, and other articles. The govern¬ 
ment also receives taxes from men and women who have 
large incomes. This is called income tax. These people who 
have the large incomes pay a larger tax. This is fair to all: 
A person who receives one thousand dollars or less does not 
pay any income tax. A single person who receives an in¬ 
come of over one thousand dollars, pays a tax on the amount 
he receives over one thousand dollars. A married person 
does not pay an income tax unless his incolne is over two 
thousand dollars. He may also take away two hundred 
dollars for each child. After taking away the two thousand 
dollars and two hundred dollars for each child, a married man 
pays an income tax on what is left. 

If a person’s income is over $5000 he must pay an extra 
tax called a “surtax’’ besides his income tax. 

The man who has a large income must pay a high tax. 
The man who has a small income does not pay a high tax. 

The United States government also receives money from 
“luxury taxes.’’ These are taxes on ice cream, drugs, 
wearing apparel over a certain price, theatre tickets and 
other articles. 


Amount of 
Income 

$ 6,000 $ 
12,000 
20,000 
30,000 
40,000 
50,000 
100,000 
200,000 
400,000 
1,000,000 
5,000,000 





155 

Normal 

Surtax 

Highest rate 

Total 

Tax 


of Surtax 

Tax 

160 

$ 10 

1% 

$ 170 

640 

190 

4% 

830 

1,280 

710 

8% 

1,830 

2,080 

1,810 

13% 

3,890 

2,880 

3,410 

18% 

6,290 

3,680 

5,510 

24% 

9,190 

7,680 

23,510 

48% 

31,190 

15,680 

77,510 

56% 

93,190 

31,680 

200,510 

63% 

232,190 

78,680 

583,580 

64% 

663,190 

399,680 

3,183,510 

65% 

3,583,190 


O’B I p. 126 
M- & C. p. 86-89 
Plass p. 15 


Duluth’s Commission Form of 
Government 

Duluth has a commission form of government. The gov¬ 
ernment of the city is placed in the hands of five men who 
are elected by the voters of the city. The business of the 
city is divided into five parts or departments. One commis¬ 
sioner is put in charge of each department The commis- 
sioners make up the legislative or law-making branch and are 
called the city council. One member of the commission is 
the mayor He presides at the meetings of the council. He 
is also the official representative of the city. When conten¬ 
tions or noted persons come to the city, the mayor welcomes 

them. , 

The commissioners serve for four years and receive a 
salary of $4000.00 per year. In order to become a commis¬ 
sioner, a person must be a citizen of the United States and 
Minnesota, and a resident of Duluth. 

A commissioner may be rem0ved , f [ 0m o ^ c % a Jk any ^il 1 ?c ! e 
by the people. If a petition is signed by 25% of the voters 
a special election may be held. If a new man is elected the 


commissioner is removed from office. The newly elected man 
takes his place. Removing a man from office in this way is 
called a “recall”. 

The commissioners make all the rules and regulations 
that are necessary for the business of the city. Such laws 
are called ordinances. An ordinance may also be proposed by 
the citizens. A petition for an ordinance may be sent to the 
council. If this petition is signed by 20% of the voters the 
council may pass the ordinance, or they must call a special 
election and submit it to the voters. The citizens then vote 
on it. If the petition is signed by only 10% of the voters and 
the council does not pass the ordinance, then it is voted upon 
by the voters at the next general election. When the people 
propose an ordinance we call it “the initiative”. 

No new ordinance goes into effect before thirty days 
have passed. If the voters do not like this ordinance they 
may petition to have it withdrawn. The petition must be 
signed by 10% of the voters. The council will then reconsider 
the ordinance. If they still want it to become a law it is 
placed before the voters at the next general election, or at a 
special election. If the majority do not want this ordinance 
it does not become a law. Keeping the council from passing 
the laws that the people do not want is called “the refer¬ 
endum”. . 

The commissioner of public safety is 


The commissioner of finance is 

_ 

The commissioner of public affairs (mayor) is 
The commissioner of public utility is 


The commissioner of public works is 










157 


I. SAFETY 

1. Fire 

2. Police 

3. Health 

II. FINANCE 

1. Auditor 

2. Treasurer 

3. Assessor 

III. PUBLIC AFFAIRS (mayor) 

1. Library 

2. Legal 

3. City Clerk 

4. Public Markets 

5. Welfare 

6. Public Buildings 

7. Parks and Playgrounds 

8. Building Insurance 

9. Plumbing Inspector 

10. Smoke Inspector 

11. Electrical Inspector 

O’B I p. 128 
M & C p. 76-80 
Plass p. 18-20, 24 


IV. PUBLIC UTILITY 

1. Water 

2. Light 

3. Gas 

4. Street Lights 

5. Aerial Bridge 


V. PUBLIC WORKS 

1. Engineer 

2. Public Improvements 

3. Budget 

4. Grading 

5. Sidewalks 

6. Curbing 

7. Streets 

8. Alleys 

9. Cleaning Streets 

10. Sewers 

11. Culverts 


Attendance Officer 

America is a new country. It has many opportunities 
for the immigrant and for his children if they are prepared 
for these opportunities. It is possible for any one to become 
a doctor, lawyer, a business man or a congressman. But 
any one who wishes to secure such_ a position must have a 
very good education. If you are bright and have a good 
ucation you can do nearly anything you wish. Knute Nelson 
is the United States senator from Minnesota and he was not 

born in America. , ,, 

For this reason it is important that your children should 
have a good education, so that when the chance comes they 
may be prepared. Of course, not all children can become 




158 

ministers, doctors, lawyers or government officials. Some 
must work in the carpenter or machine shops. They need 
to be well prepared for that, too. Therefore we have schools 
which prepare boys and girls to be carpenters, machinists, 
electricians, dressmakers, milliners, cooks, nurses, doctors, 
lawyers and ministers. In all schools and in all of the courses, 
the students are taught the principles of the American gov¬ 
ernment. This is necessary because in America every one 
helps to run the government. Everyone, both men and 
women, vote for the officials. 

In nearly all parts of the United States, children are re¬ 
quired to attend school between the years of eight and six¬ 
teen, or until they have completed the eighth grade. Some 
foreign-born parents do not understand why we ask the 
children to go to school so many years, and they wish to 
take the children out of school and put them to work. Of 
course every boy and girl should learn to work and help the 
father and mother, but until they are sixteen years of age 
they should be in school, because they will be better prepared 
for life when they do leave school. When boys or girls under 
sixteen leave school, the State of Minnesota has a man who 
comes to get them and take them to school. This man is 
called the “Attendance Officer.” He does not come as an 
enemy but he comes as a friend. He wants your children 
to be in school because that is a good place for them. Of 
course some parents do not listen to what the attendance of¬ 
ficer says and then the father is arrested and taken to court. 
In this city the name of the attendance officer is Mr. 


O’B I p. 128 


The Police Department 

Every city has a police department. It is the work of 
this department to watch over the whole city. It cares for 
the safety of life and property. 

In a large city there is a policeman at nearly every 
corner. A police officer in the United States is a friend and 
helper of the people. Never be afraid to ask a police officer 



159 


if you wish to find out anything. He is always ready to give 
you information. The police officer cares for little children 
who have been lost. Immigrant children often get lost on 
our streets. They have not learned much about the life in 
the city. Policemen help women and children cross crowded 
streets. If there is an accident in the street, the policeman 
attends to the injured person. When necessary, it is his duty 
to call an ambulance. They are on watch by day and by 
night. At night, if a policeman finds that a house is on fire, 
he rings the fire alarm. He wakes up the people in the 
house where, the fire is. If you own a store or shop, it is the 
duty of the policeman to make sure that you have locked the 
door. He sees that all is safe for the night. 

It is the duty of the police officer to keep order. He pro¬ 
tects the citizens from lawbreakers. The policeman must 
scatter crowds that collect in the streets and in the alleys. 
He must see that laws are carried out. He must arrest all 
lawbreakers. A policeman’s work is hard and dangerous. 
We must help him to keep law and order in every way pos¬ 
sible. 

Policemen who walk through the streets during all hours 
of the day or night are called patrolmen. They are called 
this because they patrol or walk certain streets called their 
beats. Then there are policemen who enforce the law against 
the speeding of automobiles and the fast driving of horses. 
They are called traffic policemen because they regulate the 
traffic. At a crossing, the traffic policeman gives signals 
when to go and when to stop. Duluth has a traffic policeman 
at Third avenue west and Superior street. 

Lawbreakers hide as soon as they see a policeman in 
uniform. Therefore, there are special officers in ordinary 
clothes whose duty it is to find and arrest lawbreakers. These 
officers are called detectives. 

The police headquarters in Duluth are at 128 East 
Superior street. Other stations are: West End, Piedmont 
avenue and First street; West Duluth, Cody street and 
Central avenue; New Duluth, 308 Commonwealth avenue. 

Mr_ _ ___ 7 - 

is the chief of police. There are about ninety members in 
our police department. 



160 


Members of the Duluth Police department may apply for 
pensions after fifty years of age and after having served for 
twenty years. The pension given amounts to one-half of the 
monthly salary at the time the person retires. No one can 
receive a pension of more than $75.00 per month. 

A person, in order to become a policeman, must be a 
citizen; must be five feet, eight inches tall, and weigh 160 
lbs.; have^good habits; a grammar school education, and no 
criminal record. He must be able to revive a person who is 
nearly drowned. He must be strong and healthy. 

The members of the police department are paid by the 
city from public money. 

O’B I p. 131 
M. & C. p. 114-116 
Plass p. 3-5 


Safety First 

*Tt is dangerous to change horses in the middle of a 
stream.’’ “More dangerous to change your mind in the mid¬ 
dle of the street.” 

“You must have been walking carelessly,” said a lady 
whose car had run down a man. “I’m very careful. I’ve 
been driving seven years.’’ 

“Lady, that’s nothing; I’ve been walking for fifty-four 
years.’’ 

Why is a ride in an airplane like deadly poison? Because 
one drop will kill you. 

A schoolboy ended his essay on pins with the statement 
that pins had saved many persons’ lives. The teacher asked 
the small boy what he meant by the statement. 

He replied, “Pins save people's lives by not swallowing 
them.” 

“We can furnish plenty of goggles but no eyes,” says 
the United States Smelting, Refining, and Mining company. 



161 


/7 HIS LAST WORDS 

“That’s the train whistle. Step on her and we’ll try to 
get across the tracks before the train comes.” 


“There are 85,000 accidental deaths in the United States 
every year, it is estimated. If we had as low an accident 
rate as England we would have only 44,000 such deaths,” 
says the Industrial Commission of Wisconsin in its annual 
report. 


A man struck a match to see if the gasoline tank in his 
auto was empty. It WASN’T. 


The man looked down the barrel of his gun to see if it 
was loaded. It WAS. 


The man touched an electric wire to see if it was alive. 
It WAS. 


The man speeded up to see if he he could beat the train 
to the crossing. He COULDN’T. 


Why not give the outfielders a talk on Safety First when 
Babe Ruth is at the bat. 


On a very fine monument over a well-kept grave, there 
are these 'words: 

“In memory of our beloved son aged 23.” 

The rest of the story is “Killed by carelessness.” 

Gleaned from the National Safety News and'printed by 
the permission of the National Safety Council. 


O’BIp. 133 



162 


The Fire Department 

The fire department protects life and property from fire. 
The city government employs men to work as firemen. These 
men are always ready to fight fire and save life and property. 
They answer fire calls every day. The firemen go very 
quickly to any part of the city. They risk their own lives to 
do their duty. 

Everyone should know where the fire alarm boxes are 
placed. When a fire is seen, someone should run to the nearest 
alarm box and ring the alarm. Duluth has one hundred 
sixty-one fire alarm boxes. On many streets and in some 
buildings you will see red iron boxes marked Fire Box. The 
boxes are connected with the fire station by electric wires. 
If you want to call the fire department, open the door of the 
fire box. Then pull down the hook that is inside. This will 
ring the bell at the fire station. 

In order to become a fireman in Duluth, a man must be 
twenty-one years of age. He must be a citizen and pass a 
physical and mental examination. 

The city of Duluth has ten fire houses. The central one 
is at 608 West First street. Another one is at West Duluth 
on Central avenue and Cody street. Our fire department 
employs one hundred and thirty-two men. Mr._ 

---is the chief. 

The fireman in Duluth may receive a pension. He must 
have served twenty years, and be fifty years old. His pen¬ 
sion depends upon the time of service. For twenty years 
service he would receive forty dollars per month. For every 
year he serves over twenty years he will receive two dollars 
a month more. 

O’B I p. 133 
M&Cp. 111-114 
Plass p. 6-7 


The Street Department 

The Public Works department in Duluth has charge of 
the streets, sewers, and sidewalks. Mr. ___ 


this department. 


is at the head of 







163 


The work of the street department is to look after the 
streets, sidewalks, and sewers in the city. It builds streets, 
repairs them and keeps them clean. It costs a great deal of 
money to lay out new streets and repair the old ones. In 
the city there is much traffic. It is important to lay the right 
kind of street pavement. The principal materials used in 
Duluth are brick, granite, concrete, asphalt, bitulithic, and 
creosote blocks. The storm sewers, the repair work on the 
streets and the cleaning of them is paid for by the city. The 
building of new sidewalks, streets and sanitary sewers is 
paid for directly by the people. It is added to their taxes. 
It is very necessary for the good health of the people to keep 
the streets clean. The street cleaning department employs 
men, horses, wagons, and machinery for sweeping and clean¬ 
ing the streets. Duluth employs fifty men. The streets and 
sidewalks are kept clean for the comfort of all in the city. 
Some men work during the day and others work at night. 
Everyone living in a city should keep his own sidewalk clean 
in winter and in summer. It is his duty to help keep the 
city clean. 

In the crowded districts during the warmer months, the 
streets are washed at night. In hot weather the streets are 
sprinkled by watering carts. The water settles the dust and 
cools the air. 

After heavy snow storms men are sent out to remove 
the snow from the streets. This makes it possible for you 
to go to your work without going through the deep snow. 
When streets are icy and slippery, the men sprinkle sand to 
make walking less dangerous. 

If anyone gets hurt on account of dangerous places in 
the streets or sidewalks, the city may have to pay damages. 
These damages are paid for from the tax money. You should 
notify the Public Works department if you see any dangerous 
places in the streets or sidewalks, to prevent accidents. 

O’B I p.136 
Plass p. 14 


164 


The Health Department 


In every city there is a health department. The duty of 
this department is to keep the city healthful. It protects the 
citizens from disease. 


Dr.-----j 

is at the head of this department. 

The health department must see that all people with con¬ 
tagious diseases are quarantined. Contagious diseases are 
diseases that can be carried from one person to 
another. Diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, smallpox, 
whooping cough, and typhoid fever are contagious diseases. 
When a house is quarantined a card is placed on it by the 
health department. No visitors may come to the house. The 
sick person is not allowed to go among other people. Duluth 
has a hospital for the treatment of contagious diseases. 
It is located at Fourteenth avenue west and Third street. 
Every physician must report to the health department at 
once any case of contagious disease. 

The children in the Duluth Public Schools are also exam¬ 
ined. The Board of Education employs one physician, two 
dentists, and four nurses to do this work. They help keep 
the children in good health so they can go to school every day. 
Schools may be closed if they find many children sick with a 
contagious disease. The city of Duluth also employs a child’s 
welfare nurse who helps to keep the children well. 

To keep healthy, we must have plenty of pure food. 
There are men who inspect milk, meat, and other foods. 
They also inspect bakeries, restaurants, kitchens of hotels, 
and ice cream parlors. These men are called health inspectors. 

Duluth has a milk inspector who has one helper. They 
inspect all dairies four times a year. All people selling milk 
must have a license from the city. The veterinarian and his 
helper test all cattle for tuberculosis. There are many other 
inspectors. Ratings of all eating houses, bakeries, and dai¬ 
ries may be found in the daily papers. 

The water supply of Duluth is also tested. Two samples 
are taken daily. No other city has better water than Duluth. 

To help the citizens of Duluth to keep in good health, the 
health department has placed cards in the front of each street 
car. Look for this card when you ride in the street car. 



165 

It is the duty of every citizen to keep the city clean and 
healthful. 

The health department keeps a record of all people who 
die. When a person dies, a doctor must send to the health 
department, a death certificate. On this certificate are the 
name of the person, the cause of death, and other information. 

The health department also keeps records of all children 
who are born. The name of the child and of the parents 
must be registered at the health department. This record may 
be used to prove age and citizenship. 

O’B I p.137 
M & C p. 64-66, 90-99 
Plass p 8-11 


Free Clinics—Tuberculosis and Baby 

It is the duty of every citizen to keep his body in good 
health. If a person has poor health he cannot do his work 
well. He may also spread his disease to other people. 

Tuberculosis is a disease of the lungs. Tuberculosis 
germs may be spread from one person to another. 

Most diseases can be cured if taken care of in time. 
Duluth has a tuberculosis clinic at the court house. Here 
people are examined for tuberculosis free of charge. If the 
doctor finds that a person has this disease he gives him 
advice. A cure for tuberculosis is good food, fresh air, and 
plenty of rest. Many people may be cured at home if they 
follow the doctor’s or nurse’s advice. Others who are too 
sick to be cured at home may be sent to the sanitariums. 
The sanitarium for St. Louis county is at Nopeming, about 
fifteen miles from Duluth. The county has built this hos¬ 
pital for the people who have tuberculosis. There are also 
small cottages and tents. Here the people of the county are 
taken care of. They pay so much per week. If they cannot 
afford to pay all of it, they pay as much as they can. Then 
there is a state sanitarium at Walker, Minnesota, on Leech 
lake. Any one in the state may go there. 

The Duluth Health department employs, nurses to help 
prevent the spreading of diseases in the city. St. Louis 
county also employs visiting nurses who look after the sick in 


166 


the county. It is the duty of these nurses to visit the people, 
find out if any are ill with tuberculosis, and give them advice. 
They also help secure places in the sanitariums for these sick 
people. 

During the month of December, Red Cross Christmas 
seals are sold. The money received from the sale of these 
stamps is used to cure tuberculosis. 

Duluth has free baby clinics. These clinics are taken 
care of by the Masonic lodge. Nurses are employed by them 
who give their attention to babies only. Babies are exam¬ 
ined every morning. The doctors of the city give their 
services for this examination free. The babies may be 
brought to the clinics and examined there. Advice is given 
to the mothers. 

O’B I p.137 
M & C p. 99-101 
Plass p. 12-13 


Abbreviations 

Here are some abbreviations to add to those in your book. 

doz.—dozen. 

Hon. —Honorable. 

B. C.—Before Christ. 

A.* D.—In the year of our Lord. 

M. C.—Member of Congress, 
rec’d—Received, 
viz.—Namely. 

Gen.—General. 

f. o. b.—free on board. 

Sen.—Senator. 

G. A. R.—Grand Army of Republic. 

K. C.—Knights of Columbus. 

Y. M. C. A.—Young Men’s Christian Association. 

Y. W. C. A.—Young Women’s Christian Association. 

Gov.—Governor. 

Sr.—Senior. 

Jr.—Junior. 

P. S.—Postscript. 

Minn.—Minnesota. 


167 


Pres.—President, 
vs.—versus. 

Messrs.—Sirs or gentlemen. 

Mme.—Madam. 

N. P— Northern Pacific. 

G. N.—Great Northern. 

D. M. & N.—Duluth, Missabe & Northern. 

D. & I. R.—Duluth & Iron Range. 

Abbreviate the following; 

1. Mr. John Adams, Senior, sent his helper, Sam,- to the 

postoffice with a letter. 

2. The letter was addressed to Superintendent Smith, United 

Grocers’ Company, St. Paul, Minnesota. 

3. In the letter was an order for one barrel of salt, five 

bushels of potatoes, twenty-five pounds of sugar, three 
pecks of onions, 12 ounces of pepper, five quarts of 
vinegar, two gallons of corn syrup. 

4. This order was to be sent, collect on delivery. 

5. When Sam got back from the post office he found a tele¬ 

phone request from Mistress Adams awaiting him. 

6. She wished him to get the following articles of merchan¬ 

dise for her: One yard of black satin ribbon, 1 inch 
wide; one-half dozen spools of black thread, number 
fifty; and four feet of heavy curtain cord. 

7. She also asked if he would inquire at the freight of¬ 

fice for her new sewing machine. 

8. It was billed to arrive today, free on board. 

9. Sam started down the street whistling. 

10. But he couldn’t go very fast, for Main street and First 

avenue were crowded all the morning and afternoon 
with people who had been celebrating the return of 
our soldiers. 

11. Sam stopped to watch and cheer an auto filled with prom¬ 

inent men of the state. 



168 


12 . 

13. 

14. 


15. 


In the auto were Governor Gray, United States Senator 
White, General Andrews, Colonel Best, Reverend Ol¬ 
son, and Doctor Murphy. 

Sam heard a shout above him and looked up. 

There was John Adams, Junior, up a telephone pole to 
get a good view of the parade. 

John came down and the two boys went over to the 
Northern Pacific railroad freight office to see about 
Mistress Adams’ sewing machine. 


16. 


It had not come so the boys went back to Mister Adams’ 
office. 


17. Mister Adams said they were both good boys and could 
have the rest of the afternoon. He gave them tickets 
to the ball game. The game was Minneapolis versus 
St. Paul. The boys called back: “Thank you,” as 
they rushed out the office door. 


O’B [ p. 138 


The American Citizen 


Everyone born in the United States is an American 
citizen. 

Some people born in foreign countries come to America 
and want to become citizens of America. But not all of 
these people will make good citizens. So we have examina¬ 
tions'to find out which will make good citizens and which 
will not. America connot afford to have poor citizens. The 
process of giving citizenship to aliens is called “naturaliza¬ 
tion”. 

If a boy is under twenty-one years of age when his 
father becomes a citizen, he becomes a citizen also. If he is 
over twenty-one when his father becomes a citizen, he is still 
a citizen of the country where he was born. 

William Nicholson was born in this country. He is an 
American citizen. 

Martin Erickson was born in this country but his father 
was born in Norway. Martin is an American citizen because 
he was born here. 



169 


John Maki was born in Finland, but his father got his 
second papers last month. John is but sixteen years old and 
so he became a citizen when his father did. Selma, his 
sister, who is twenty years old also became a citizen; but 
Jacob who is twenty-two years old, is not an American 
citizen. He must take out his first and second papers as his 
father did. 

Angelo Commisa came from Italy ten years ago and has 
not been naturalized. He is not an American citizen. 

Paul Levandowski came to this country and resided two 
years. Then he went back and fought for Poland two years. 
He has just returned to Duluth. He can be naturalized after 
he has lived here five years. 

Emil Vekich fought in our army in France. He was 
naturalized in the army. He is an American citizen. His 
brother, Frank, was not naturalized in the army. He is not 
a citizen but he can be naturalized very quickly because he 
was a soldier for the United States. He does not have to 
wait five years. 


The First Paper 

Foreign-born people who have not been naturalized are 
called aliens. Aliens have many rights and privileges but 
there are some things they cannot do. They cannot vote. 
They cannot hold an office. They should become naturalized. 

The first step is to take out the “first paper” or Declara¬ 
tion of Intention. The alien may take this paper as soon as 
he lands in this country, if he is eighteen years old. He may 
secure this first paper at the clerk of court’s office in the 
court house. He must tell the clerk his full name, age, 
occupation, country he came from, the name of the boat on 
which he crossed the ocean, and present address. The clerk 
will make out the Declaration of Intention after the fee of 
$1.00 is paid. This first paper does not make the alien a cit¬ 
izen. The alien says that he does not want to be a citizen of 
his native country any longer and that he intends to become 
a citizen of the United States as soon as possible. The alien 
will be asked many questions when he goes to take out his 
second papers and he should go to night school to prepare for 
that examination. 


170 


The Second Paper 


After the alien has been in this country for five years 
and after he has had his Declaration of Intention for two 
years, he may apply for his second papers. If he came to 
this country after June 29th, 1906, he must have a Certificate 
of Arrival. If he came before June 29th, 1906, he does not 
need a Certificate of Arrival. The alien should send a letter 
on a special blank to Washington asking for this Certificate 
of Arrival. He can secure this blank at the court house or of 
his teacher at night school. The certificate will be sent back 
to the clerk of court. When the clerk receives the Certificate 
of Arrival he notifies the alien to come to the office with two 
witnesses who have known him for five years or more. This 
time he asks him the names and ages of all his children, the 
exact day he landed in this country and the exact day he 
came to Minnesota. The two witnesses must swear that the 
alien has lived in the United States five years or more 
and that he will make a good citizen. The alien swears that 
he is not an anarchist and that he does not believe in 
polygamy. The fee for this application is $4.00. The clerk 
will file his application but the alien is not yet a citizen. 

After ninety days he is notified to come to court with 
his wife and his two witnesses. This is the final hearing 
before the judge. An examiner asks the witnesses if the 
alien has been a good man and if he has lived here for five 
years. Then he asks the alien and his wife questions about 
our government, history and geography. If they pass, they 
take the oath of allegiance to the United States and receive 
a Certificate of Naturalization. The man, his wife, and all 
their children who are not yet twenty-one years of age, are 
now citizens. 

John Ekstrom came to this country and worked in the 
sawmills and woods for two years. He decided that he 
liked America and that he wanted to become a citizen. He 
went to the clerk of court’s office and told him to make out 
his Declaration of Intention. He told the clerk he was 
twenty-eight years old, that he came from Norway on the 
steamer Empress of Ireland, and that he lives at 2314 W. 
Third street. He paid the clerk $1.00 and the clerk made out 
the papers. He took them home and showed them to his 


171 


wife and then put them away carefully. He and his wife 
then entered the night school to prepare for the final exam¬ 
ination. John Ekstrom waited three years more. Then 
he sent to Washington for his Certificate of Arrival. Two 
months later, the clerk of court notified him that his Certifi¬ 
cate of Arrival had come. John went to the court house 
with James Peterson who had his second papers and Fred 
Brown who was born in America. John also took his first 
papers with him. The clerk asked him the names and ages 
of all his children and the exact day he came to Minnesota. 
The witnesses told the clerk that John had been a good man 
and that he had lived here five years. John paid the 
clerk $4.00 and the clerk made out his application. He told 
John to come back in ninety days. 

John went home and told his wife and they prepared for 
the examination. They went to a special class for men and 
women preparing for final examinations, and learned about 
our country and its government. 

After the ninety days were passed, John, his wife, and 
the two witnesses went again to the court house. This time 
they went to the court room. There were many other people 
there, too. When John’s name was called, he, his wife and 
the two witnesses went forward. The witnesses said that 
John and his wife were good people and that they had lived 
in the United States for five years. The examiner asked 
them many questions about the government. They had been 
at night school and knew the answers to the questions. The 
judge told them they had done very well. They took an oath 
of allegiance to the United States and were given a Certifi¬ 
cate of Naturalization. Now they are citizens of the United 
States and not citizens of Norway. Also, Elsie, ten years old, 
and Erick, fourteen years old, are citizens. John and his 
wife can vote now, and are proud to be called American citi¬ 
zens. 

Duties of a Citizen 

Citizens of the United States, as well as those of other 
countries have many duties to perform. Upon becoming a 
citizen, the foreign-born man or woman is entitled to all of 
the privileges of this country. But there are also duties 
which he owes to this country. Some of these are: 


172 


1 He should work and buy food and clothing for his wife 
and children. Some men forget this duty and do not work 
all the time; some even run away and leave their lamilies to 
starve. Since the saloons are gone, the wife and children, in 
many cases, have much more to eat than they did bet ore. 
His wife should help him by keeping the house neat and 
clean and by preparing the meals. 

2. He should obey the laws. Laws are the rules of the 
country. A good citizen will obey these rules. The police¬ 
man or sheriff will arrest those who break the laws. But a 
good citizen will not break the laws. 

3. He should vote for good officials. These men make 
our laws and enforce them. If good citizens are elected they 
will make good laws. If the good citizens do not vote, and 
others vote for poor officials, poor laws may be made. Or the 



MEN AND WOMEN PREPARING FOR CITIZENSHIP 






173 


laws may be poorly enforced. Sometimes the good citizen 
will be called upon to fill these offices. He should accept 
such a chance as a duty to his country. 

4. He should pay his taxes. Taxes are used to pay those 
who make our laws. The policeman also must be paid. 
Taxes are used to build schools and pay teachers. If we wish 
fine parks and libraries, we must pay taxes to get them. 

6. If called, he must serve on the jury. A jury is called 
to help the judge decide whether or not another man has 
broken the law, and to settle disputes between men. This is 
a patriotic duty. 

6. In time of war he should serve in the army or navy. 
A country which is worth living in is worth fighting for. 

7. He should help others who are not as fortunate as he 
is. Some men are hurt while working and others have much 
sickness. They need a little help from a good citizen. 

8. He should be a good neighbor and help out in all com- 
munity affairs. In some parts of town there are clubs which 
work to improve the city. Some clubs help to improve the 
schools. Other clubs work for a new school or fire hall. He 
should belong to one of these and help to improve the city. 

O’B I p.140 

M & C p. 150-154, 164-169 
Plass p. 112, 114-126 


State Labor Inspectors 

In Minnesota there are laws to protect the life and health 
of the working people. These laws protect them in factories, 
in mines, and other work where there is unusual danger. 
Places where people work must be kept clean and well venti¬ 
lated. The machinery must be guarded to prevent accidents. 
Explosives must be well taken care of. The employees must 
not work too long, too late or too early. Women and children 
are especially cared for. This protection is most important 
to people who come from foreign countries. They cannot 
read English, and therefore, cannot read the signs. they 
cannot understand the orders that are given. 


174 


It is the duty of the labor inspectors to visit mines, fac¬ 
tories, stores, and other places where people are employed. 
They must see that these laws protecting the men, women, 
and children are enforced. 

Mr. ____ has 

charge of the places in this district where men are employed. 
He has several assistants. There are four women inspectors 
in Minnesota who look after the welfare of the women 

and children. Miss_„_1 

has charge of this district. The laws state that women are 
not allowed to work more than fifty-eight hours per week. 
In factories, telephone offices, and laundries they may work 
only fifty-four hours per week. They must never work more 
than ten hours a day. The inspector sees that these laws 
are obeyed. She also visits shops where she thinks children 
might be employed. Every child between the ages of eight 
and sixteen must attend a public school. During vacation a 
child over fourteen years of age may work, but not in 
factory, mill, or workshop. A child must not be employed 
at any dangerous work, or work before seven A. M., or after 
seven ?. M. He must not work more than forty-eight hours 
per week, or eight hours per day. 

There is no law against street trades. But street trades 
are dangerous because of the late hours and bad company. 
Accidents often happen. 

If people think that the laws are not carried out in mines, 
factories, and other shops, they may send their complaints to 
the inspectors. The inspectors will then look up the cases 
and see that the laws are obeyed. 

O’B I p. 142 
M. & C. p. 75 
Plass p. 33-36 


Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 

Henry W. Longfellow is one of America's great poets. 
He lived from 1807 to 1882. For many years he was a teacher 
of languages in Harvard university. Harvard university is 




175 

in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is one of the oldest and 
best universities in the United States. 

Mr. Longfellow was a personal friend of some of our 
greatest writers, as Emerson, Hawthorne, Lowell, Holmes, 
and Whittier. 

Mr. Longfellow wrote many poems about American life 
and history. You will enjoy reading “The Village Black¬ 
smith, " “The Old Clock on the Stairs,” “The Bridge,” and 
“The Song of Hiawatha.'’ “The Song of Hiawatha" will be 
of particular interest to you as it is a poem of the Indian life 
of Minnesota. 

Hiawatha was an Indian chief and Minnehaha was his 
wife. At Minnehaha Falls, Minneapolis, there is a statue of 
Hiawatha carrying away his bride. The southern shore of 
Lake Superior is the scene of the poem. Hiawatha went to 
Minnehaha Falls to get his bride. 

The poem you are about to read is a story of something 
that really happened at the beginning of the Revolutionary 
war. At the time of this poem, the people of this country 
began to call themselves Americans, and the people of Eng¬ 
land, British. The Americans were getting ready to fight 
the British and had stored up some powder at Concord, about 
twenty miles from Boston. The British were going to march 
secretly to Concord and get it. Whether they succeeded or 
not, you will find out by reading the poem. 

Paul Revere’s Ride 

Listen, my children, and you shall hear 
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, 

On the eighteenth of April of seventy-five; 

Hardly a man is now alive 

Who remembers that famous day and year. 

He said to his friend, “If the British march 
By land or sea from the town tonight, 

Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry arch 
Of the North Church tower as a signal light,— 

One if by land, and two if by sea; 

And I on the opposite shore will be, 

Ready to ride and spread the alarm 
Through every Middlesex village and farm, 

For the country folk to be up and to arm." 





Then he said, ‘‘Good night!” and with muffled oar 
Silently rowed to the Charlestown shore, 

Just as the moon rose over the bay, 

Where, swinging wide at her moorings, lay 
The Somerset British man-of-war; 

A phantom ship with each mast and spar 
Across the moon like a prison bar, 

And a huge, black hulk, that was magnified 
By its own reflection in the tide. 

Meanwhile his friend through alley and street, 
Wanders and watches with eager ears. 

‘Till in the silence around him he hears 
The muster of men at the barrack door, 

The sound of arms and the tramp of feet, 

And the measured tread of the grenadiers, 

Marching down to their boats on the shore. 

Then he climbed the tower of the Old North church 
By the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread, 

To the belfry chamber overhead, 

And startled the pigeons from their perch 
On the sombre rafter, that round him made 
Masses and moving shapes of shade, — 

By the trembling ladder, steep and tall 
To the highest window in the wall, 

Where he paused to listen and look down 
A moment on the roofs of the town, 

And the moonlight flowing over all. 

Beneath in the churchyard, lay the dead, 

In their night encampment on the hill, 

Wrapped in silence so deep and still 
That he could hear, like a sentinel's tread, 

The watchful night-wind as it went 
Creeping along from tent to tent 
And seeming to whisper, ‘’All is well!” 

A moment only he feels the spell 

Of the place and the hour, and the secret dread 

Of the lonely belfry and the dead; 

For suddenly all his thoughts are bent 
On a shadowy something far away, 




177 


Where the river widens to meet the bay,— 

A line of black that bends and floats 
On the rising tide like a bridge of boats. 

Meanwhile, impatient to mount and ride, 

Booted and spurred with a heavy stride 
On the opposite shore walked Paul Revere. 

Now he patted his horse’s side, 

Now gazed at the landscape far and near, 

Then impetuous, stamped the earth, 

And turned and tightened his saddle girth; 

But mostly he watched with eager search 
The belfry tower of the Old North church, 

As it rose above the graves on the hill, 

Lonely and spectral and sombre and still. 

And lo! as he looks, on the belfry’s height 
A glimmer and a gleam of light! 

He springs to the saddle, the bridle he turns, 

But lingers and gazes, till full on his sight 
A second lamp in the belfry burns! 

A hurry of hoofs in a village street, 

A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark, 

And beneath, from the pebbles, in passing, a spark 
Struck out by a steed flying fearless and fleet; 

That was all! And yet through the gloom and the light, 
The fate of a nation was riding that night; 

And the spark struck by that steed in his flight, 
Kindled the land into flame with its heat. 

He left the village and mounted the steep, 

And beneath him, tranquil, broad and deep, 

Is the Mystic, meeting the ocean tides; 

And under the alders that skirt its edge, 

Now soft on the sand, now loud on the ledge, 

Is h eard the tramp of his steed as he rides. 

It was twelve by the village clock, 

When he crossed the bridge into Medford town. 

He heard the crowing of the cock, 

And the barking of the farmer’s dog, 

And left the damp of the river fog 
That rises after the sun goes down. 


178 


It was one by the village clock, 

When he galloped into Lexington. 

He saw the gilded weathercock 
Swim in the moonlight as he passed, 

And the meeting-house windows, blank and bare, 
Gaze at him with a special glare, 

As if they already stood aghast 

At the bloody work they would look upon. 

It was two by the village clock, 

When he came to the bridge in Concord town. 

He heard the bleating of the flock, 

And the twitter of birds among the trees, 

And felt the breath of the morning breeze 
Blowing over the meadows brown. 

And one was safe and asleep in bed 
Who at the bridge would be first to fall, 

Who that day would be lying dead, 

Pierced by a British musket-ball. 

You know the rest. In the books you have read, 
How the British regulars fired and fled,— 

How the farmers gave them ball for ball, 

From behind each fence and farmyard wall, 
Chasing the red-coats down the lane, 

Then crossing the fields to emerge again 
Under the trees at the turn of the road, 

And only pausing to fire and load. 

So through the night rode Paul Revere; 

And so through the night went his cry of alarm 
To every Middlesex village and farm,— 

A cry of defiance and not of fear, 

A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door, 
And a word that shall echo forevermore! 

For, borne on the night-wind of the Past, 
Through all our history, to the last, 

In the hour of darkness and peril and need, 

The people will waken and listen to hear 
The hurrying hoof-beats of that steed, 

And the midnight message of Paul Revere. 

O’B I p. 149 


179 


Spelling 

A few years ago a man decided to find out which are the 
most important English words. This man's name was L. P. 
Ayres. He thought that the words which were used most 
often must be the most important ones. So he examined 
many social, business, and friendly letters. He found that 
1001 words make up 90% of our letters. So he said that those 
are the words we should learn to spell. He wrote a book 
and put this list of words in it. We have added fifty business 
words to his list: 


all 

will 

on 

stand 

live 

ball 

bill 

you 

hand 

Duluth 

call 

kill 

your 

what 

city 

small 

my 

street 

an 

in 

at 

is 

feet 

can 

into 

hat 

his 

and 

ran 

school 

that 

six 

land 

man 

book 


My ball is small. 

Will you call me at six? 

\ That is my hat. 

\His hat is in his hand. 

Jstand on your feet. 

/ The man lives in Duluth. 

I live in Duluth. 

Duluth is a city. 

Is that your book? 

On what street is your school? 
What is my bill? 




180 


play 

run 

with 

let 

he 

away 

under 

as 

get 

have 

say 

here 

has 

see 

walk 

day 

hear 

car 

seen 

talk 

today 

dear 

do 

water 

mother 

lay 

ears 

not 

me 

brother 

may 

eyes 

set 

we 

sister 


We see with our eyes. 

We hear with our ears. 

My car will not run. 

Do not run away. 

My sister is here. 

Have you seen my brother? 
The man is in school. 

He can walk to school. 

She ran to the street car. 
She will talk to your sister. 
Have you my book? 


on 

our 

go 

time 

wrote 

for 

out 

ago 

shall 

cent 

nor 

home 

goes 

read 

ten 

bad 

went 

door 

last 

men 

had 

this 

shut 

night. 

when 

glad 

two 

carry 

next 

then 

held 

to 

story 

month 

of 


I wrote to my brother last night. 
When shall you go home? 

Shut the door. 

What time is it? 

It is time for baby to go to bed. 

I have two eyes. 

I have two ears. 

He read a story to me last night. 

Our home is in Duluth. 

What is this? 

Ten men went home. 

I shall see you next month in the city. 




be 

cold 

buy 

so 

child 

begin 

hold 

found 

no 

baby 

before 

cost 

ground 

soap 

who 

come 

lost 

she 

road 

up 

some 

red 

summer 

rode 

girl 

bring 

bed 

yard 

start 

boy 

ring 

by 

made 

table 

over 


I have been here before. 

Mother told her to buy some soap. 

The soap cost ten cents. 

Sister made up all the beds. 

Last summer was cold here. 

He found a ring. 

When will school begin? 

I shall call for you tonight. 

I am glad to see you. 

Come out and play ball with us. 

The boy and girl are in the yard at play. 
May I hold your books? 


lot 

people 

how 

sky 

like 

not 

both 

now 

try 

love 

got 

ever 

were 

why 

they 

hot 

every 

the 

us 

three 

fell 

never 

if 

just 

wish 

well 

down 

box 

it 

where 

tell 

town 

her , 

sit 

did 


What did you say? 

They will buy a house and lot. 
I see her every day. 

How do you do? 

I shall try to do it. 

We will walk down town. 
99,000 people live in Duluth. 
Who lives in that house? 

I like Duluth. 

I love my mother. 

He just went out that door. 
They will come here for us. 


182 

lesson make low 

many word high 

miss soft hurt 

close wind watch 

white would which 

while dead face 

other send race 

The child has his hands full of pretty flowers. 

The baby has a pretty face. 

Let us run a race. 

Ice is very cold. 

I have seen her only once this summer. 

The flowers are dead. 

I am very busy on Fridays. 

I wish you would look for them. 

Have you your lessons? 

That is his own home. 

Where is my paper? 

How many people were there? 


flowers 

are 

Friday 

only 

busy 

once 

very 

there 

ice 

alone 

own 

good 

paper 

pretty 


more 

am 

dog 

pen 

body 

case 

fix ' 

cow 

show 

father 

dress 

five 

pig 

jump 

said 

deep 

four 

big 

drown 

about 

keep 

kind 

him 

please - 

push 

done 

most 

tree 

give 

cotton 

again 

young 

pencil 

woman 

silk 


There were five pigs in the yard. 

Show me how to jump. 

It was a red cow. 

Jump over this box. 

Sit in this chair, please. 

A pen and pencil are on the table. 

She has a white dress. 

The dog did not drown in the deep water. 
Give me some more paper, please. 

The young woman came again to our house. 
It was a long time ago. 

The boy was kind to his dog. 





best 

file 

one 

Superior 

dollar 

ask 

from 

mile 

late 

dime 

air 

hard 

yes 

hill 

name 

fair 

gone 

point 

avenue 

north 

boat 

late 

nose 

block 

south 

eat 

law 

long 

chair 

east 

fine 

little 

belong 

teacher 

west 


Who said that the wind had gone down? 
How many feet are in a yard? 

Do not be late to school. 

What is your name? 

It is the best I can do. 

What is the name of your teacher? 

How many dimes are in one dollar? 


took 

top 

burn 

them 

came 

look 

black 

but 

head 

much 

beg 

turn 

house 

sugar 

side 

leg 

egg 

coffee 

tea 

milk 

pint 

salt 

vinegar 

rice 

apple 

quart 

pepper 

meat 

fish 

bread 

dozen 

pound 

thread 

spool 

needle 


I sent for some eggs and sugar. 

I wish to have a pint of milk. 

Father will buy the bread and tea. 

Will you have some coffee? 

What is the cost of a quart of vinegar? 
Pass the pepper, please. 

I shall buy four spools of black thread. 
I want a pound of meat. 

Mother wants a dozen eggs. 

Did you burn your hand? 

Tell me all about it. 


184 

above 

does 

June 

plant 

such 

act 

doesn’t 

knew 

post 

Sunday 

add 

early 

lake 

put 

sure 

after 

East 

large 

quite 

take 

alike 

either 

led 

raise 

teach 

among 

end 

left 

reply 

than 

animal 

fall 

less 

rest 

thank 

April 

February 

letter 

ride 

their 

August 

feel 

line 

right 

there 

automobile 

feet 

May 

river 

thing 

back 

few 

meet 

running 

think 

band 

fire 

miss 

Saturday 

thought 

‘through 

because 

foot 

Monday 

saw 

began 

forget 

Mr. 

September throw 

begun 

form 

Mrs. 

seven 

told 

beside 

fourth 

new 

ship 

train 

block 

free 

nice 

show 

tree 

blue 

full 

nine 

sick 

two 

born 

game 

noon 

sold 

very 

bought 

gave 

north 

son 

walk 

brought 

give 

nothing 

song 

war 

card 

gold 

November soon 

warm 

cast 

got 

October 

south 

wear 

catch 

guess 

old 

speak 

West 

cities 

help 

outside 

spent 

whole 

clothing 

herself 

page 

spring 

winter 

country 

hour 

pair 

stay 

world 

cover 

its 

part 

stone 

write 

cut 

jail 

pay 

stood 

year 

dark 

January 

place 

struck 

yet 

December 

across 

July 

class 

know 

please 

third 

afraid 

clean 

lady 

poor 

though 

afternoon 

clear 

learn 

pound 

Thursday 

age 

club 

leave 

price 

tonight 

along 

coming 

life 

rain 

too 

also 

company 

light 

reach 

toward 

another 

date 

line 

round 

truly 

anything 

daughter 

mail 

same 

Tuesday 



185 


around 

don't 

March 

sea 

uncle 

aunt 

easy 

maybe 

seem 

until 

await 

eight 

might 

sent 

upon 

bear 

even 

mile 

shed 

use 

become 

fail 

mine 

short 

vacation 

been 

family 

morning 

should 

want 

better 

felt 

most 

since 

way 

blow 

finish 

move 

sir 

Wednesday 

board 

fortune 

much 

sometimes 

week 

build 

friend 

name 

sorry 

when 

camp 

getting 

near 

spell 

where 

care 

glass 

number 

spend 

whether 

carried 

grand 

often 

stamp 

which 

cart 

half 

open 

still 

without 

chain 

hear 

ought 

stopped 

work 

chief 

heard 

party 

teacher 

worth 

children 

Christmas 

church 

hope 

horse 

inside 

pass 

pictures 

piece 

tenth 

these 

they 

yesterday 


able 

account 

addition 

against 

allow 

almost 

already 

always 

answer 

anyway 

army 

arrive 

awful 

became 

beginning 

bridge 

buy 

cannot 

change 


collect 

comfort 

complaint 

contract 

crowd 

dash 

deal 

delay 

doubt 

drill 

driven 

enough 

enter 

express 

extra 

fifth 

fight 

figure 

forty 


grant 

happy 

herself 

however 

indeed 

lead 

list 

loss 

many 

measure 

mind 

minute 

nearly 

neighbor 

neither 

news 

order 

paid 

past 


print 

promise 

question 

quite 

railroad 

rather 

real 

receive 

region 

remain 

separate 

sight 

slide 

state 

station 

steamer 

stole 

stop 

suit 


suppose 

theater 

ticket 

together 

tomorrow 

track 

travel 

trip 

trouble 

trust 

unless 

visit 

whether 

whose 

within 

wonder 

would 




186 

appear 

early 

itself 

pleasant 

suffer 

attend 

effort 

ladies 

police 

surprise 

believe 

else 

least 

prefer 

term 

built 

engine 

matter 

present 

their 

business 

enjoy 

mean 

press 

there 

capture 

escape 

member 

prove 

those 

cause 

evening 

money 

ready 

though 

center 

except 

motion 

really 

thus 

charge 

follow 

mountain 

reason 

tire 

check 

front 

o'clock 

remember 

true 

clerk 

great 

offer 

return 

understand 

copy 

guess 

omit 

rule 

wear 

death 

happen 

once 

says 

Wednesday 

died 

heard 

parent 

serve 

wire 

direction 

himself 

perhaps 

several 

woman 

doctor 

history 

person 

size 

women 

dollar 

human 

piece 

something 

wonderful 

dozen 

husband 

plan 

study 

wrote 

during 

inform 



aboard 

accept 

action 

address 

between 

contain 

direct 

district 

duty 

each 

elect 

enough 

especially 

everything 

fact 


factory 

famous 

farther 

field 

finally 

forty 

friend 

general 

gentleman 

height 

imagine 

injury 

inquire 

instead 


intend 

invitation 

judge 

knew 

liberty 

lose 

machine 

madam 

navy 

necessary 

none 

object 

office 

opinion 


particular 

perfect 

population 

possible 

probably 

proper 

public 

rate 

restrain 

retire 

royal 

salary 

search 

serious 


service 

sudden 

suggest 

sure 

system 

terrible 

truly 

Tuesday 

until 

victim 

vote 

weather 

whether 

whole 





187 


absence 

course 

entrance 

length 

recover 

accident 

decide 

expense 

manner 

regard 

according 

degree 

favor 

material 

sail 

although 

desire 

February 

meant 

sincerely 

amount 

destroy 

flight 

national 

subject 

article 

diamond 

further 

oblige 

unable 

athletic 

difference 

guest 

period 

usual 

auto 

different 

important 

power 

view 

beautiful 

education 

interest 

prison 

wait 

certain 

empire 

known 

rapid 

which 

common 

entire 





agreement 

employ 

information 

report 

application 

enclose 

judgment 

scene 

appoint 

engage 

minute 

section 

arrange 

estate 

newspaper 

select 

arrangement 

event 

popular 

service 

arrest 

final 

position 

special 

attempt 

firm 

president 

statement 

claim 

foreign 

primary 

success 

command 

forward 

private 

support 

condition 

government 

prompt 

tax 

connection 

guessed 

provide 

their 

convict 

height 

publish 

themselves 

debate 

impossible 

ready 

there 

decision 

imprison 

receipt 

unfortunate 

declare 

include 

refer 

whose 

disappoint 

due 

income 

repair 

written 



188 

annual 

assist 

attention 

avenue 

citizen 

complete 

consider 

director 

entertain 

experience 

forenoon 

affair 

appeciate 

associate 

business 

celebration 

century 

character 

circular 

combination 


adopt 

argument 

assure 

colonies 

committee 

consideration 

convenient 


allege 

circumstance 

distribute 


association 

career 

emergency 


improvement 

purpose 

tomorrow 

increase 

recent 

total 

local 

relative 

treasure 

practical 

represent 

vessel 

prepare 

request 

visitor 

principal 

result 

weigh 

principle 

separate 

wife 

progress 

statement 

witness 

property 

provision 

publication 

therefore 

together 

wreck 

concern 

flight 

political 

conference 

folks 

proceed 

cordially 

honor 

reference 

distribute 

illustrate 

refuse 

effect 

issue 

secretary 

entitle 

objection 

summon 

especially 

obtain 

testimony 

estimate 

evidence 

official 

organize 

volume 

department 

election 

occupy 

develop 

justice 

relief 

difficulty 

majority 

respectfully 

distinguish 

mention 

responsible 

earliest 

mere 

senate 

elaborate 

necessary 

separate 


extreme 

marriage 

secure 

immediate 

judgment 

recommend 

system 

examination 

inspect 

preliminary 

feature 

investigate 

session 

importance 

organization 








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PUBLISHED BY TH 


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STATUE OF LIBERTY, NEW YORK HARBOR 

















NIGHT SCHOOL LESSONS 


A Course of Study in English, Reading, Phonics, 
Arithmetic, Spelling, Civics, History, Geography 
- FOR use in - 

THE DULUTH PUBLIC NIGHT SCHOOLS 

In Assisting Foreign-Born Men and Women 
to Assume the Responsibilities of 

CITIZENSHIP 


m 


TO BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH 

O'Brien— English for Foreigners I. 
O’Brien— English for Foreigners II. 

Moley & Cook— Lessons in Democracy. 

Plass— Civics for Americans in the Making 


m 


PREPARED BY 

THE AMERICANIZATION COMMITTEE 
and THE BOARD OF EDUCATION 
Duluth, Minn. — August, 1921 


Copyright 1921 by The Americanization Committee and The Board of Education 
Duluth, Minn. 










IV 




ta* 5 




PREFACE 




Nearly all texts in English for the foreign-born are 
written to fit the conditions found in eastern cities. 
The student in the night school wishes to know about 
his own city and state. These lessons have been written 
to supply this information. Any text for any school is 
out of date before it is printed. These lessons will sup¬ 
ply recent information to the student. No text ever fits 
all situations. After selecting the best texts available, 
it was still necessary to meet deficiencies, to fill gaps 
left by the textbook writer. These lessons were writ¬ 
ten to meet these needs. 

In compiling the material, The Americanization 
Committee, which is a citizens' committee, and the 
Board of Education have cooperated very closely. Busi¬ 
ness men have been consulted freely in regard to the 
material included in the industrial lessons. 


FEB 21 1922 


©CIA654725 



*VV o 




/ REFERENCES 

! At the end of nearly all of the lessons will be found 
references to other books in which supplementary 
material will be found. For example: The lesson on 
Important Local Ordinances, page 94, has in the lower 
i left-hand corner the references: 

1 O’B II p. 98 

\ M&C p. 76-80 

Plass p. 20 

J You will find in O’Brien’s English for Foreigners, 
Book II, page 98; Moley & Cook’s Lessons in Democracy, 
pages 76-80; and in Plass’ Civics for Americans in the 
Making, page 20, material on the same subject or a very 
similar subject. These references, together with the 
index of lessons, will enable the busy teacher to find 
the available material readily. 


VI 


Night School Lessons—Set II For Advanced Students 



NSL II 

O’BII M. & C. 

Plass 

Phonics. 

1 



The Thorson Family. 

23 

2 


Steel Mill . 

24 

101 


Borrow and Lend. 

25 

11 


Can and May_. 

26 

11 


Learn and Teach. 

27 

11! 


A Common Use of S No. I . 

28 

12 


A Common Use of S No. II . 

30 

12 


The Fisheries. 

30 

20! 


Lie and Lay. 

31 

231 


Groups. 

33 

28 


Plurals I. 

35 

31 


Plurals II. 

36 

31 


Nathan Hale. 

37 

32 


Henry Van Dyke—America For Me.. 

39 

34 


Walt Whitman—0 Captain. 

40 

38 


John G. Whittier ...Barbara Frietchie 

41 

40 


Abraham Lincoln Stories . 

44 

40 


The Sale of State Lands. 

46 

431 

82 

Homonyms. 

47 

45 


Antonyms.. 

How to Estimate My Expenses and 

53 

451 

1 


Wages... 

55 

51 


Buying a Home.. 

58 

51 


The Public Library. 

60 

56 108-109 


Relative Pronouns. 

61 

62 


Future Time. 

63| 

74 


Going to Minneapolis. 

64 

74 


Who May Vote in Minnesota. 

64 

78 159-164 

94-111 

Have and Get. 

65 

80 


Between and Among. 

66 

80 


Into and In . 

67 

80 


More Prepositions. 

68 

80 


Phrases. 

70 

I 83 • 


Harrison Park. 

How to Use Some Common Words: 

71 

83 116-125 


No. I.... 

72 

83 


No. II. 

76 

85 


No. Ill. 

80 

89 


No. IV. 

82 

89 


The Municipal Court. 

84 

90 83-86 

21 

The State Courts. 

85 

90 83 

40-42 

War Savings Stamps. 

86 

93 


Liberty Bonds.... 

89 

93 


Taxes. 

91 

! 93 86-89 

15 

The Comma. 

93 

07 


Important Local Ordinances. 

94 

98 76-80 

20 

St. Louis County Officers. 

96 

i 98| 72-73 

42 



























































VII 


Night School Lessons—Set II for Advanced Students 



NSLII 

O’BII 

M. &c 

Plass 

Open .Air Schools. 

99 

100 

104 

110 

113 

118 

131 

133 

134 
135J 
137 

141 

142 

143 

144 

145 

j 107 
112 
1 1 K 

qq i m 

12-13 

Two Noted American Women 

yy-iui 

Insurance . 



Er and Est. 

no 

118 

121 

154 

160 

163 

166 

169 

173 

173 

173 

173 

173 

173 

180 

180 

180 

185 

191 



Our Schools. 

105-108 

1 OK 1QQ 


Thrift. 

OO 

Sending Money. 

i-OO—loo 


The Railroad ... 



Possessives . 



A Railroad Time Table.. 



Vocational Schools .. 



Cement. 



The Workman’s Compensation Law.. 
The Coal Docks. 

75 


The Shoe Factory. 



The Sash and Door Factory .. 



The Flour Mill. 

145 



The Weather Bureau. 

147 

148 



The Meat Packing Plant .. 



Buying Supples for the Home. 

149 



The State University. .. 

153 



Household* and Personal Budgets. 

Spending Money. 

154 

156 

191 

194 



How Our Government Works. 

157 

197 

197 



Henry Hastings Sibley and 

Alexander Ramsey. 

158 



A Brief History of Minnesota, 
1865-1921. 

162 

197 

197 

70-76 

70-72 


Enforcement of the Law .. 

165 

32, 36-39 
91-92 

The Federal Courts. 

166 

201 

60, 80-83 
58-60 

The President and His Cabinet. 

Some Additional Suffixes. 

167 

169 

207 

210 

66-90 

Some Additional Prefixes._ 

Government—A Summary. 

171 

174 

210 

210 



Spelling. 

179 



A Map of the United States. 

InsideBack Cover 





















































/’■ Iconics * 

If you were going into a house that was lockedTyou 
would ask for a key so that you could open the door and go 
in. You might climb in by breaking in a window but that 
would be a hard way to get into the house. 

A new language is like a closed house. We can learn 
a language one word at a time. That is the same thing 
as crawling through the window, a very hard and slow way. 
But the easiest and best way is to learn the sounds of the 
letters and the way English words are put together. This 
key to th^ language door is called phonics. On the follow¬ 
ing pages you will find lists of sounds on which the English 
language is built. The better you learn these sounds, the 
easier you will learn to read and the better you will speak 
English. 

-A— - 


a—ate 

u—use 

g-go 

qu—quit 

a—at 

u—up 

h-he 

r—rat 

e—even 

y—my 

j —jail 

.s—see 

e—egg 

y—any 

k—keep 

t—top 

i—ice 

b—be 

1—lake 

^v—vote 

i—it 

c—can 

m—make 

' w-we 

o—old 

d—dog 

n—no 

x—ax 

o—on 

>f—fly 

p— pan 

y—yes 



B_ 

z—zoo 

w 

V 

y 

j 

we • 

very 

yes 

jar 

was 

veal 

you 

joy 

war 

vest 

yet 

Joe 

win 

vote 

year 

job 

will 

vine 

your 

join 

were 

voice 

yell 

John 

warm 

valley 

yoke 

Jack 

wore 

valise 

yolk 

June 

went 

velvet 

yarn 

July 

work 

voyage 

yard 

just 

wind 

violin 

yawn 

James 

world 

vinegar 

youth 

jelly 

winter 

victory 

young 

jumps 

window 

visitor 

yellow 

judge 

weather 

village 

Yankee 

January 

Wednesday 

vegetable 

yesterday 

jackknife 


\ 


9 like j 

ch 

gem 

chin 

gin 

chop 

gill 

check 

germ 

child 

giant 

churn 

gypsy 

chalk 

German 

change 

gentle . 

charge 

ginger 

church 

general 

chilly 

Georgia 

chores 

gesture 

cherry 

giraffe 

chimney 

gentleman 

Charley 

geography 

chicken 

gymnasium 

children 


l \ 


day 

to 

dog 

tin 

dig 

ten 

did 

top 

dip 

toe 

dot 

tea 

door 

tub 

deep 

tell 

dock 

time 

dime 

take 

date 

tame 

dive 

turn 

down 

talk 

dark 

took 

dance 

table 

dinner 

ticket 



she 

saw 

shut 

see 

shot 

safe 

ship 

said 

show 

salt 

shop 

sand 

shoe 

soap 

shape 

save 

shift 

sent 

shall 

seem 

shake 

send 

shine 

sick 

short 

side 

shore 

sang 

shout 

sleep 

should 

smoke 


th ( breath ) 

th (voice) 

thin 

the 

think 

this 

thank 

that 

thing 

thus 

thick 

them 

thief 

they 

third 

then 

three 

these 

thumb 

those 

throat 

there 

thirty 

their 

thread 

though 

thimble 

rather 

theatre 

mother 

thunder 

father 

thought 

brother 


8 


9 

h 

b 

P 

go 

hat 

be 

pin 

get 

had 

bad 

put 

got 

hop 

but 

pen 

girl 

ham 

big 

pan 

give 

have 

boy 

Pig 

gave 

horn 

bat 

pop 

gone 

home 

born 

pat 

game 

hand 

blue 

pet 

gold 

hard 

bowl 

park 

good 

hunt 

beef 

pack 

gain 

hide 

boat 

part 

gate 

hill 

ball 

pick 

glad 

hole 

bird 

pork 

geese 

happy 

baker 

poor 

great 

house 

beans 

public 

garden 

honey 

bottle 

pencil 

k 

wh 

freaks 


key 

why 

is 


kill 

when 

has 


king 

what 

his 


kind 

whip 

been 


kick 

where 

sure 


keep 

while 

come 


kite 

which 

done 


Kate 

wheel 

says 


kodak 

wheat 

said 



kettle 
kitten 
k Kansas 
\kingdom 
Ki^hen 
kero^ne 
Kentucky 


white 

whale 

whirl 

whittle 

whether 

whistle 

whisper 


sugar 

shall 

again 

Chicago 

business 

Christmas 

character 



4 


-—W—- 

William and Winifred were winding balls of wool by the 
window , one Wednesday afternoon in the winter . They were 
helping their soldier brother to win the big world war. They’ 
were going to knit him a sweater. But the vwolen balls were 
big and their hands were little and they were getting weary. 
The winter's day was warm and sunny. ^The old willow tree 
waved to them through the window. “Come and play” it 
seemed to say. Winifred looked at William. “Let’s go out 
to play. We can work some other day.” 

So down went the woolen balls and away went the little 
war workers into the sunny vrinter vieather. 

A little village lay in a valley. Around it lay fields of 
vegetables and vineyards of grapes. A visitor dressed in a 
velvet vest and carrying his valise and violin looked about him. 
He saw a man across the street carrying home a very big jug 
of vinegar. The visitor called to him in a loud voice and 
asked him if he knew of a vacant house for rent with vines 
over the window. The man put down his jug of vinegar and 
pointed out the vacant house at the end of the village street. 
The visitor hurried away with his valise and violin. 

—y— 

Yesterday a Yankee youth not yet twenty-one years of 
age was digging yellow dandelions from the yard. His young 
sis.ter was playing in the yard. She picked up the yellow 
dandelions to make a chain. All at once this Yankee youth 
saw his young sister yawn. “You are sleepy youngster. Run 
indoors to your bed.” 

-j- 

John and Joe one fine day in June, made up their minds 
to run away and join the navy. They did not like their job 
of hoeing the garden. They put two jars of jelly into their 
pockets and started out. But Judge James spoiled their joy. 
He caught them when they were just about to jump aboard a 
train. The old judge took them home. Their mother made 
them put the jars of jelly away and sent them back to their 
job in the garden. Poor boys! 









5 


ch 


Charley and Chester were two children. They lived on a 
farm. These children were working hard one chilly day. 
They were going that night to a chicken supper at the church. 
They had to get all their chores done early. Charley was chop¬ 
ping wood to put into the chimney corner. Chester was churn¬ 
ing the cream for butter. Soon all the chores were done. 
They changed their clothes in a hurry. Their father gave 
them a check to pay for the chicken supper. They had a fine 
time. First they had some chicken pie and then they had 
some cherry pie afterwards. 


\ 


sh 


“She cannot wear those new shoes,” said the mother to 
the clerk in the shoe shop. “They are too short for her. I 
should like you to show me some others. We are going to 
the seashore to seethe ships. I shall have het old shoes shined , 
please. 


1. I saw a man go to sleep in the smoking car. 

2. The lady sang several songs to the sick people in the 

hospital. 

3. » Sister Susan sent them to the store for salt and soap. 

4. Seven soldiers stopped to put their suit cases inside the 

news stand for safety. 


1. The dog dived into the deep w r ater. 

2. I gave Dan a dime to let his bear dance for us. 

3. Will you close the door when you come down to dinner? 

4. The day was dark and dreary. 



The tall man sold tin tops in that tent. 

Tom took two tickets for the turkey dinner. 

Please tell Teckla to take tea with us next Tuesday. 

The teacher told the two boys twice to take the clay from 
the table and put it into the tub. 













6 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 

4. 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 

4. 


-th (breath)- 

I wish to thank you for the three theatre tickets you sent 
me. It was very thoughtful of you. 

Myrtle thinks she left her thread and thimble in her room. 

The butcher sliced some of his steak thin , and some of it 

thick . 

-th (voice)- 

My father and mother went to visit my brother . 

Would you rather have this small, well lighted room than 
that larger but darker room? 

Take these apples from my basket here and put them with 
those apples there in the pan. 


- S - 

Gertrude drove the geese through the garden gate. 

All the guards were given guns. 

Grace's grandfather gave her some green grapes. 

The girls in the eighth grade have gone to the basket ball 

game. 


-h- 

lie had his hat in his hand. 

The hunter blew hard on his hunting horn, 
lie buys honey and ham at the house on the hill. 
The happy boy hopped gaily home. 








7 


/- — b — 

1. The big bird in the cage bit the bun the baker's boy held in 

his hand. 

2. Big Bill had a bowl of blueberries. 

3. The baby wanted brother Bert's ball and bat. 

4. The bridge builders had beef , bacon, and beans for breakfast. 

-P- 

1. Paul, please pour the popcorn into the pan. 

2 . Peter's pet pig ran into the public park. 

3. Please put pens, pencils, paper, and a bottle of purple ink 

on the table. 

4. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepjpers. If Peter Piper 

picked a peck of pickled pjeppers, where are the 
pickled peppjers Peter Piper picked? 

0 

-wh- 

1. The man from Texas asked me vihether or not I liked the 

Duluth winter weather. 

2. The whistling workman waved his vihip at his team of white 

horses and began cutting wheat. 

3. Which wheel in the machine will not whirl,f 

4. Why don’t the people stop whispering when the music be¬ 

gins? 


-k- 


1. Kate is kind to her pet kitten. 

2 . The king gave the housekeeper the key to the kitchen. 

3. Knute took Kodak pictures of his sister's home in Kansas. 
The keg was full of kerosene. 








8 


-C- 

* 

Final ed is sounded as a syllable after t and d. 
After t 


I. paint, painted 

I painted my house green. 

2 rent i*6nt0d 

Mr. Olson rented a five-room flat near the park. 

3. melt, melted 

The warm wind melted the snow. 

4. rest, rested 

The players rested between the games. 

5. lift, lifted 

The man lifted the heavy bars of iron. 

6. dust, dusted 

The girl dusted the furniture. 

7. light, lighted . 

The streets are well lighted with $lectnc lights. 

8. count, counted 

The man counted his money. 

9. part, parted 

The old friends parted at the train. 

10. waste, wasted 

They wasted, much time in talking. 

II. support, supported 

Our school is supported by the taxpayers. 

12. point, pointed 

The weather vane on the barn pointed to the south. 

13. correct, corrected 

We corrected the misspelled words in our spelling lesson. 

14. Heat, heated 

The house was heated with hot air. 

15. skate, skated 

Many people skated at Harrison Park last winter. 

16. print, printed 

The News Tribune is. printed at night. 





9 


17. treat, treated 

The workers were well treated by the company. 

18. report, reported 

The club meeting was reported to the newspaper. 

19. defeat, defeated 

The girls were defeated in the debate by the boys. 

20. respect, respected 

The child respected his parents. 

21. date, dated 

The paper was dated March 10th. 

22. vote, voted 

The people voted for better roads. 

23. float, floated 

The logs floated down the river. 

24. represent, represented 

Minnesota is represented in Congress by two senators 
and ten congressmen. 

25. plant, planted 

Many acres of head lettuce are planted in Duluth every 
year. 


After d 

1. add, added 

A dollar was added to Mr. Brown’s hotel bill for telephone 
service. 

2. divide, divided 

The father divided his property among his five sons. 

3. need, needed 

The judge said the man needed to go to night school to 
learn English. 

4. seed, seeded 

The yard was seeded with white clover. 

5. board, boarded 

The windows of the cabin were boarded up. 

6. thread, threaded 

The needle’was threaded with black silk thread. 



10 


7. shade, shaded 

The window was shaded by a maple tree. 

8. crowd, crowded 

The people crowded around the speaker. 

9. load, loaded 

The train was loaded with Duluth flour. 

10. land, landed 

The boat from Cleveland landed at the coal dock. 

11. trade, traded 

The mothers traded at the corner store. 

12. fold, folded 

Mother folded the clothes and put them away. 

13. afford, afforded 

The moving pictures at th$ school afforded the commun¬ 
ity much pleasure. 

14. mold, molded 

The housewife molded the dough into loaves. 

15. attend, attended 

The class attended the club meeting. 

16. decide, decided 

The school board decided to build a new schoolhouse. 


Final ed is sounded as t after k p ch c sh s and x 
After k 

1. bank, banked 

The company banked their money every afternoon. 

2. cook, cooked 

The meals were well cooked. 

3. like, liked 

We liked the music the Matinee Musicale furnished. 

4. back, backed 

The man backed his wagon against the sidewalk. 

5. look, looked 

The people looked at the airship. 



11 


10 . 

11 . 

12 . 

113. 

14. 

15. 


16. 

17. 

18. 


19. 


20 . 


tack., tacked 

The night school poster was tacked up where all could 
see it. 

work, worked 

The rug makers worked in eight hour shifts, 
walk, walked 

The business men walked down town, 
talk, talked 

The ladies talked about the lecture, 
lock, locked 

The door to the main office was locked, 
pick, picked 

The good citizens picked up the paper in their yards, 
bake, baked 

Mother baked an apple pie for dinner, 
leak, leaked 

The stove in the kitchen leaked gas. 
milk, milked 

The farmer milked six Jersey cows for the Children’s 
home. 

mark, marked 

White stones marked the dividing line between the bro¬ 
thers’ farms. 

park, parked 

All the automobiles were parked in the middle of the wide 
street. 

block, blocked 

The circus parade blocked the streets for a mile, 
dock, docked 

The careless factory girl was docked a dollar for poor 
work. 

risk, risked 

The man risked his life to save the drowning child, 
rock, rocked 

The happy mother rocked her baby to sleep. 



12 




After p 


rap, rapped . , 

The Speaker of the House of Representatives rapped on 
his desk for order. 

2. dip, dipped . . . . ' ■ 

The fisherman dipped the water from his leaky boat with 

an old tin can. 

3. wipe, wiped 1 . , . 

The dressmaker wiped the oil from her sewing machine. 

4. stop, stopped' * 1 ... 

The train stopped only when flagged at the little village. 

5. leap, leaped .. , , 

The fish leaped from the water into the silvery moonlight. 


After ch 

1. reach, reached 

The storm-tossed boat reached the shore safely. 

2. stitch, stitched 

Her party dress was stitched with blue thread. 

3. preach, preached 

The minister preached on the subject of loyalty last Sun¬ 
day. 

4. search, searched 

The hunters searched the woods for wolves. 


After c 

1. place, placed 

The housewife placed the ice man’s card in her kitchen 
window. 

, 2. chase, chased 

The dog chased a cat up a tree. 

3. slice, sliced 

The birthday cake was sliced into ten pieces. 

4. trace, traced 

Th^boy traced the fox to his hole in the hillside. 





13 


1 . 


2 . 

3. 


4. 

5. 


6 . 


After sh 

wash, washed 

The rain washed the dusty trees, 
brush, brushed 

The teeth should be brushed every night, 
push, pushed 

The young man pushed his canoe into the river and jumped 
into it. 
fish, fished 

The man fished in Lake Superior for whitefish. 
rush, rushed 

The crowd rushed across the field to watch the aeroplane 
land. 

wish, wished 

The farmers wished it would rain on their dry fields. 


After ^ 


1. pass, passed 

The wagon passed the door. 

2. dress, dressed 

The bride was dressed in white. 

3. press, pressed 

The tailor pressed four suits. 


After x 

1. tax, taxed 

The government taxed those who bought ice cream. 

2. wax, waxed 

The dancing floor was waxed to make it smooth. 

3. mix, mixed 

The men mixed the cement with water. 

4. fix, fixed 

The tent was fixed to the ground with many wooden pegs. 
£. box, boxed 

XJhe apples were boxed for long shipments. 


14 


Final ed is sounded as d after all other letters. 

1. grab, grabbed 

The monkey grabbed the cup from the child. 

2. flag, flagged 

The station agent flagged the tram. 

Q QQll QQllpH 

‘ Our boat sailed for America in April. 

4. file, filed 

The blacksmith filed the teeth of the woodsman s saw. 

5. drill, drilled 

Our class drilled on the multiplication tables. 

6. smell, smelled 

We smelled the plum blossoms from the doorway. 

7. poll, polled . 

Twenty thousand votes were polled at the last city elec¬ 
tion. 

8. trouble, troubled 

The teacher was troubled because the boys quarreled. 

9. jail, jailed 

All the thieves were caught and jailed. 

10. travel, travelled 

The gold seekers traveled many miles in Alaska. 

11. spoil, spoiled 

The cans of fruit were spoiled by the heat. 

12. seem, seemed 

The rough road seemed long to the tired children. 

13. room, roomed 

Mr. White roomed with his uncle, Mr. Brown. 

14. frame, framed 

The picture is framed in brown oak. 

15. rain, rained 

It rained for three days while we were camping. 

16. clean, cleaned 

Our streets are cleaned every night. 

17. open, opened 

I opened the door for my visitor. 




18. bum, burned 

Two houses were burned to the ground last night. 

19. earn, earned 

The boy earned enough to buy a bicycle. 

'20. learn, learned 

I learned to read in night school. 

21. cover, covered 

The yard was covered with dandelions. 

22. measure, measured 

The tailor measured him for a suit. 

23. order, ordered 

The judge ordered quiet in the courtroom. 

24. serve, served 

Lunch was served after the business meeting. 

25. move, moved 

We moved from Superior street to Fourth street. 

26. chew, chewed 

Our food should be well chewed before swallowing. 

27. follow, followed 

The children followed the band. 

28. play played 

The boys played ball after school. 


Review 


counted 

preached 

dusted 

lifted 

smelled 

taxed 

placed 

afforded 

polled 

travelled 

searched 

rocked 

docked 

opened 

rapped 

painted 

folded 

boxed 

saved 

rocked 

added 

cooked 

needed 

flagged 

helped 

melted 

stitched 

brushed 

wiped 

skated 

leaped 

roomed 

played 

planted 

fixed 

divided 

floated 

milked 

lighted 

dressed 

wanted 

mended 





16 


-D- 


r—rat 

si—sleep 

pr—pray 

ir—hird 

sc—scold 

tr—tree 

er—her 

scr—scrap 

pro—prolong 

ur—hurt 

tw—twine 

pre—prepare 

wr—write 

wh—where 

de—delight 

ar—arm 

sp—spot 

re —return 

or—order 

spr—spring 

con—conduct 

th—the 

kn—knife 

ful—cupful 

sh—she 

gn—gnaw 

ness—kindness 

ch—child 

sk—skin 

tion—nation 

thr—three 

qu—quick 

sion— extension 

ph—phone 

squ—squirrel 

ment—government 

sm—small 

st—stay 

less—restless 

sn—snow 

str—string 

n ing—spelling 

bl—black 

br—brown 

dis—displease 

cl—cloth 

cr—cry 

un —unlike 

fl—flour 

dr—drink 

\ trans—transport 

gl—glass 

fr—friend 


pi—plate 

gr—green 



r 

ir 

er 

ur 

wr 

ar 

or 

rat 

sir 

her 

fur 

wrap 

far 

for 

ran 

bird 

jerk 

hurt 

write 

car 

nor 

red 

girl 

clerk 

curl 

wrong 

star 

fork 

roll 

dirt 

verse 

burn 

wring 

barn 

organ 

th 

sh 

ch 

thr 

ph 

sm 



they shop chase throw orphan smell 

this shade cheap throne phonics smoke 

those shape chest thrift Phillips smith 

them shave cheese thread photograph smile 


sn 

snap 

snake 

sneak 

snatch 


bl 

cl 

fl 

gi 

pl 

blue 

clean 

flat 

glad 

plow 

blow 

class 

flesh 

glue 

plan 

blank 

close 

flock 

glove 

plant 

block 

clothes 

flowers 

globe 

please 



( si 

sc 

scr 

tw 

ich 

sp 

slow 

scale 

scrub 

twin 

why 

spoil 

sled 

scarf 

scream 

twist when 

spoke 

slip 

scarce 

scrape 

twelve what 

spell 

slide 

scatter 

scratch 

twenty where 

spent 

spr 

Jen 

gn 

sic 

qu 

squ 

spread 

know 

gnat 

sky 

quart 

squaw 

spring 

knew 

sign 

skip 

queen 

square 

spruce 

knee 

gnash 

skate queer 

squash 

sprinkle 

knock 

resign 

skirt quarter squeeze 

• 

St 

str 

hr 


cr 

dr 

stand 

straw 

brass 


crow 

dry 

stamp 

street 

brave 


cross 

drop 

start 

strong 

bread 


cream 

draw 

state 

straight 

branch 


cradle 

dress 

fr 

gr 

pr 


tr 

pro 

free 

grew 

press 


trap 

proceed 

front 

grind 

prune 


trade 

provide 

freeze 

grain 

prince 


track 

pronounce 

French 

grapes 

president 

travel 

professor 

pre 

cle 

re 


con 

fid 

prefer 

debate 

recall 


conduct 

useful 

precede 

decide 

recess 


condemn 

hopeful 

pretend 

deceive 

reform 


condense 

roomful 

preserve 

deliver 

receive 


conclude 

spoonful 

ness 

tion 

sion 


ment 

less 

witness 

motion 

mission 

argument 

useless 

sickness 

question 

mansion 

judgment 

hatless 

goodness position 

division 

statement 

careless 

happines election 

procession 

government 

hopeless 

ing 

r dis 


un 

trans 

jewing 

dislike 

undo transfer 

wfctiing 

disgrace 

unfold transform 

reading 

dishonest 

unlock translate 

working 

discourage 

uncover transplant 




ay 

^ am 

bay 

rain 

day 

pain 

gay 

main 

hay 

vain 

jay 

gain 

lay 

plain 

may 

brain 

pay 

. chain 

stay 

train 

play 

stain 

gray 

grain 

pray 

Spain 

dray 

strain 

spray 

sprain 


ink 

ing 

link 

king 

mink 

ring 

sink 

sing 

pink 

wing 

rink 

sting 

wink 

thing 

think 

swing 

drink 

bring 

shrink 

fling 

trinket 

cling 

twinkle 

sling 

sprinkle 

string 

spring 


oy oil 

boy boil 

joy coil 

Roy soil 

toy toil 

annoy spoil 

loyal 
destroy 
employ 
Soy beans 


ought 

/ aught 

all 

ight 

ail 

bought 

\ caught 

fall 

fight 

bail 

sought 

) taught 

call 

light 

fail 

fought 

< naught. 

hall 

might 

hail 

brought 

daughter 

tall 

right 

mail 

thought 

\ 

wall 

sight 

nail 

V 

stall 

tight 

sail 



small 

bright 

snail 




fright 

trail 




frail 


19 


-F- 

Short Vowel Sounds 


a 

e 

i 

0 

u 

ab 

eb 

ib 

ob 

ub 

ac 

ec 

ic 

oc 

uc 

ack 

eck 

ick 

ock 

uck 

ad 

ed 

id 

od 

ud 

af 

ef 

if 

of 

uf 

a g 

eg 

ig 

og 

ug 

al 

el 

il 

0,1 

ul 

am 

em 

im 

om 

um 

an 

en 

in 

on 

un 

ap 

ep 

ip 

op 

up 

at 

et 

it 

ot 

ut 

av 

ev 

iv 

ov 


ax 

ex 

ix 

ox 

ux 

az 

ez 

iz 


uz 

[ atch 

etch 

itch 

otch 

utch 

*\ adge 

edge 

idge 

odge 

udge 

/cab 

ebb 

rib 

rob 

tub 

/ tab 

ebony 

bib 

Bob 

rub 

I grab 

rebel 

fib 

cob 

cub 

I crab 

pebble 

crib 

oblong 

hub 

1 fact 

elect 

music 

occupy 

success 

1 tract 

insect 

strict 

octave 

conduct 

f cactus 

expect 

verdict 

oculist 

instruct 

action 

second 

polftics y 

chocolate 

structure 

back 

deck 

pick 

rock 

duck 

sack 

peck 

lick 

dock 

luck 

pack 

neck 

kick 

shock 

tuck 

crack 

check 

Dick 

clock 

truck 

had 

bed 

hid 

rod 

mud 

mad 

led 

bid 

sod 

bud 

bad 

red 

lid 

hod 

cud 

glad 

Fred 

did 

nod 

suds 








20 

after 

left 

lift 

often 

puff 

taffy 

effort 

sift 

office 

ruffle 

raffle 

refuge 

rift 

coffee 

suffer 

traffic 

bereft 

differ 

soften 

fluffy 

rag 

beg 

big 

log 

rug 

bag 

keg 

pig 

hog 

bug 

sag 

leg 

wig 

dog 

hug 

flag 

peg 

dig 

frog 

jug 

album 

elm 

milk 

golf 

pulse 

valve 

held 

silk 

olive 

sulky 

Albert 

elbow 

until 

polish 

sultan 

balance 

elevator 

pillow 

revolve 

sulphur 

Sam 

hem 

him 

Tom 

gum 

ham 

them 

rim 

romp 

hum 

ram 

stem 

skim 

omelet 

swum 

sham 

empty 

swim 

promise 

plum 

ran 

hen 

pin 

pond 

run 

fan 

pen 

win 

onward 

fun 

can 

mpn 

tin 

bonnet 

bun 

and 

then 

thin 

monarchy 

under 

cap 

kept 

trip 

hop 

cup 

sap 

step 

drip 

stop 

upon 

nap 

pepper 

ship 

crop 

puppy 

lap 

shepherd 

lips 

drop 

supper 

rat 

pet 

bit 

not 

run 

hat 

let 

hit 

got 

gun 

fat 

bet 

lit 

hot 

fun 

cat 

wet 

kitten 

lot 

sun 

avenue 

travel 

gravel 

average 

tax 

ever 

bevy 

every 

never 

vex 

river 

pivot 

liver 

shiver 

fix 

novel 

poverty 

proverb 

province 

box 

luxury 

wax 

next 

mix 

fox 

lux 

flax 

Laxle 

text 

extra 

six 

Dixie 

oxen 

equinox 











21 


jazz 

azure 

dazzle 

piazza 

fez 

embezzle 

sizzle 

drizzle 

gizzard 

blizzard 


buzz 

puzzle 

muzzle 

buzzard 

catch 

fetch 

witch 

crotch 

Dutch 

patch 

wretch 

pitch 

botch 

clutch 

latch 

stretch 

ditch 

notch 

crutch 

snatch 

etching 

stitch 

Scotch 


badge 

hedge 

ridge 

dodge 

budge 

badger 

Madge 

ledge 

sledge 

dredge 

bridge 

lodge 

fudge 

drudge 

smudge 


Long Vowel Sounds 

The final e lengthens the preceding vowel. 


abe 

_ 

ibe 

obe 

ube 

ace 

_ 

ice 

— L- 

— 

ade 

ede 

ide 

ode 

ude 

afe 

__ 

ife 

• - 

■ — 

age 

__ 

-. 

— 

uge 

ake 

_ 

ike 

oke 

uke 

ale 

_ 

ile 

ole 

ule 

ame 

erne 

ime 

ome 

ume 

ane 

ene 

ine 

one 

. une 

ape 

— 

ipe 

ope 

— 

_ 

ere 

ire 

ore 

ure 

ase 

_ 

_:- 

ose 

use 

ate 

— 

ite 

ote 

ute 

ave 

eve 

ive 

ove 

— 

aze 

. - 

ize 

Words 

oze 


babe 

multitude 

file 

mine 

endure 

bribe 

dude 

while 

line 

base 

tribe 

safe 

mole 

lone 

close 

robe 

wife 

hole 

phone 

dose 

globe 

wage 

pole 

bone 

useful 

probe 

cage 

stole 

tone 

late 

^obe 

page 

mule 

tune 

date 















22 

tube 

stage 

came 

cape 

rate 

place 

refuge 

tame 

tape 

kite 

race 

huge 

lame 

crape 

write 

Grace 

take 

game 

drape 

bite 

lace 

wake 

shame 

pipe 

vote 

space 

make 

theme 

ripe 

wrote 

rice 

bake 

time 

wipe 

tribute 

nice 

shake 

dime 

slope 

shave 

price 

like 

lime 

rope 

wave 

twice 

strike 

home 

sincere 

pave 

made 

spike 

dome 

mere 

evening 

blade 

spoke 

perfume 

sphere 

hive 

shade 

woke 

cane 

tire 

alive 

spade 

duke 

pane 

wire 

rove 

precede 

rebuke 

lane 

tore 

grove 

wide 

sale 

sane 

more 

haze 

hide 

pale 

kerosene 

core 

blaze 

slide 

whale 

pine 

shore 

prize 

side 

mile 

wine 

cure 

froze 

ipode 

at 

smile 

fin 

Review 

wag 

hug 

pet 

ate 

fine 

wage 

huge 

Pete 

rat 

win 

kit 

slid 

plan 

rate 

wine 

kite 

slide 

plane 

fat 

din 

rag 

rid 

man 

fate 

dine 

rage 

ride 

mane 

hat 

pin 

can 

not 

slop 

hate 

pine 

cane 

note 

slope 


r ~ ~ 

a—make e—evening 

&-*gg 
'e —h£r 



G—Diacritical Markings 

5— old 

6— 8n 
0—Orphan 


l—ice 

f—ft 

—sTr 


u—use 
u—up 
'u —fur 


y—my 

U U 

y—any 
c—car 
c—cent 





23 


The Thorson Family 

The Thorson family wanted a home. They were tired of 
paying rent. They were tired of having to move when the 
owner of their rented house wanted to sell it. 

Little Joe wanted a home so that he could' have a place 
to raise chickens. Little Mary wanted a home so she 
could have a doll house in the yard. Big brother Bill wanted 
a home so he could keep a hunting dog. Mother just 
had to have a garden spot. Father said he would buy an 
automobile if he had a place to keep it. 

Father Thorson bought three lots: He wanted plenty of 
room. He bought the lots not far from a car line. You 
cannot use an automobile all winter, you know. Uncle John, 
who was a carpenter, built the house. Father and brother 
built the garage. Brother Bill painted them. Mother planted 
the garden. Joe made a chicken coop. Mary made a doll 
house under a shady tree. Brother Bill made a house for his 
hunting dog. Father bought a car and put it in his own 
garage. . 

The Thorson family are a happy family. They love their 
home. They all helped to make it. 

1. What family wanted a home? 

2. Who wanted to keep a hunting dog? 

3. Who wanted a doll house? 

4. Who wanted a garden? 

5. Who wanted an automobile? 

6. Who wanted to raise chickens? 

7.. Who built the house? 

8. Who built the garage? 

9. Who painted the house? 

10. Who planted the garden? 

Here are some questions that are not about the Thorson 
family, see if you can answer them: 

1. Who is president of the United States? 

2. Who was the first president of the United States? 

3. Who is the mayor of Duluth? , . ^ Q 

4. Who is at the head of all the public schools in Duluth? 

5. Who is your teacher? 

O’BII p.g 


24 


The Steel Mill 

Instead of sending all of the ore down the lakes, some of 
it is kept in Duluth and made into steel. This is done in the 
Minnesota Steel Plant at Morgan Park. First, the ore goes 
to the blast furnace and is mixed with coke and limestone, 
and melted and the refuse poured off as slag. Some of the 
slag is sent over to the cement plant. Cement is mad^from 
this slag, in combination with other materials. The crude 
iron produced in the blast furnace is poured into trough¬ 
shaped moulds called “pigs.” This crude iron is called “pig 
iron.” 

To make steel, these pigs of iron are sent to the open 
hearth furnaces, where it is melted again and purified, and 
other materials added. When the molten steel is just right, 
it is poured out into large kettles called “ladles” from which 
in turn it is poured into large “ingot” moulds, each ingot 
weighing several tons. After the ingot is cooled and be¬ 
comes solid and turned out of the mould, it is reheated 
and rolled out in the blooming mill into long, thin bars .or 
slabs, which are cut into convenient lengths for future 
handling. These bars or slabs are sent to the different 
departments of the plant, such as the rail mill, merchant 
mill and so forth, where they are rolled into the different 
shapes required. The Minnesota Steel Company will soon 
have a wire mill and nail mill also. These mills employ 
many men. Some of the operations in every steel mill 
must be run night and day without stopping. 

The coal and limestone and other materials which must 
be mixed with iron ore in order to produce iron and steel 
are brought in from great distances. Some of the coal comes 
from as far away as Pittsburgh, Pa., and is brought up in 
the ore boats through the Great Lakes. 


O’B II p. 10 






* 






UNCULTIVATED LAND NEAR DULUTH 


Page 46 












25 

Borrow and Lend 

1. I shall lend you my knife. 

2. I wish to borrow five dollars. 

The word lend means to give for a time. 

The word borrow means to take or get for a time. 

Put the right words in the blanks: borrow—lend 


1. Will you___me your pencil for a minute? 

2. I will_you my coat to wear on the trip. 

3. Please_me a dollar. 

4. I had to_money to build ipy house. 

5. I do not like to_my books. 

6. He wants to_our newspaper. 

7. My brother will_a hammer for you. 


8. He does not like people who always want to --- 

money from him. 

Every one in the class may give a sentence having lend in it. 

Every one in the class may give a sentence having borrow 
in it. 


O’B II p. 11 










26 




Can and May 

Can means to be able to do a thing, to be strong enough 
to do a thing or to know enough to do a thing. 

May means to ask permission to do a thing, to be asked 
or to be allowed to do a thing. 

“Can I speak French?” means, “Do I know howto speak 
French?’ ’ 

“May I speak French?” means, “Will you let me speak 
French?” 


Fill the blanks with may or can. 

1. _I sharpen my pencil? 

2. _I speak to you a minute, please? 

3. _you play the piano? 

4. _I have a^piece of cake, mother? 

5. __you row a boat? 

6. We_think all we like, but we_not say all 

we think. 

7. _you use a typewriter? 

8. You_go when your work is done. 

9. Please, __I open the window? 

10. _you spell Minnesota. 

11. I__write my name. 

12. _I go home at nine o’clock? 

13. _you run as fast as John? 

14. _I get a drink of water, please. 


O’B II p. 11 

















*27 


Learn and Teach 

Learn means to get knowledge for oneself. 

Teach means to give knowledge to another. 

1. The men learn to swim in the Y. M. C. A. building. 

2. I teach arithmetic to the saleswomen. 

3. I learned dressmaking in night school. 

4. His father taught him to read. 

5. He learned to make furniture. 

6. Who taught you to knit? 

7. I taught my brother to swim. 

8. He learned easily. 

9. Teach me how to speak French. 

10. I shall learn quickly. 

Fill in the blanks with teach or taught; learn or learned. 


1. Who_him to play the piano so well. 

2. Will you_me how to make a hat. 

3. I wish to___how to use a typewriter. 

4. My mother_me to cook. 

5. I_ my dog to climb a ladder. 

6. Have you_your arithmetic lesson? 

7. My teacher_me to write a business letter. 

8. We_how to fill out a bank check. 

9. Who_you to make baskets? 


10. The blind people_to make baskets in the 

Light House on Superior street. 


OB II p. 11 












A Common Use of s. 


No. I 


28* 


I 

You 

We 

They 

The people 
The men 


sit 


He 

She 

It 

Mr. Brown 
The man 


sits 


1 . I sit by the window. 

2. You sit by the table. 

3. We sit up straight. 

4. They sit in the first row. 

5. The people sit around the table. 

6. The men sit on long benches at ball games. 

7. He sits back of me. 

8. She sits in front of me. 

9. It sits on the shelf. 

10. Mr. Brown sits in his automobile. 

11. The man sits with his family. 


sit or sits 

1. Will you_in this chair, please? 

2. I_in the last seat on the right. 

3. He__at the left of the speaker. 

stand or stands 

4. The man_beside the flag. 

5. I_at my work. 

6. She_at the window. 










walk or walks 


29 


7. I_a mile every day. 

8. She____to work every morning. 

9. You_fast. 

run or runs 

10. The boy_along the street. 

11. __to catch my car. 

12. You_after the postman and give him this 

letter, please. 

take or takes 

13. He_his trunk with him when he stays away 

a month. 

14. You_the car at Seventh avenue west for the 

incline. 

15. I_a glass of milk with my lunch. 

want or wants 

16. l .__l _ _you to come to school every day. 

17. The young man___to go to college. 

18. Do you_---to sell your home. 

put or puts 

19. You_the book on your desk. 

20. She_-_the dishes away carefully. 

21. I_the potatoes into the kettle. 

give or gives 

22. I_a__ you my word of honor that I shall do it. 

23. It_the room a cheerful look. 

24. What did you_the newsboy. 

O’B II p- 12 




















30 


A Common Use of s. No. II 

Change the following statements so as to make each of 
them tell about more than one thing. 

Example: . The cow eats hay. 

The cows eat hay. 

1. The bee hums in the garden. 

2* The lion roars in the cage. 

3. The bear growls at the hunter. 

4. The candle burns on the table. 

5. The door creaks noisily. 

6. The worm crawls on the rosebush. 

7. The mason builds walls of brick. 

8. The ball rolls along the floor. 

Change the following statements so to make each of 
them tell about one thing. 

1. The ducks swim in the pond. 

2. The stars twinkle in the evening sky. 

3. The engines whistle at the railroad crossing. 

4. The fires burn in the deep forest. 

5. The pigs eat corn. 

6. The eaves drip in the morning fog. 

7. The horses gallop to the barn. 

8. The frogs jump into the lake. 

O’B II p. 12 


The Fisheries 

The early settlers in New England ate much fish before 
they were able to raise corn and wheat and cattle for meat. 
Fish are very plentiful along the entire Atlantic coast and 
thousands of people are employed in fishing and dressing the 
cod, haddock, herring and mackerel. There are very few 
halibut now so they are sold at a high price. From Septem¬ 
ber to April large quantities of oysters are taken from the 
beds in Chesapeake Bay. They are shipped by express to all 
parts of the United States. 


31 


On the Pacific coast salmon are caught in great numbers. 
Some are shipped while fresh to all parts of the United 
States and thousands of cases of canned salmon are packed 
and shipped all over the world. 

Lake Superior is noted for its trout and whitefish, Lake 
Michigan for its trout and chubs, and Lake Erie for cis¬ 
coes. The fishermen on these lakes ship their fish while still 
fresh all over the Northwest. The men on Lake Superior 
work all the year around but do most of their work in the 
summer. 

The United States government knows that fishing is a 
very important industry and a great sport. So the govern¬ 
ment hatches millions of fish each year in its hatcheries and 
ships the small fish to the lakes and rivers for planting. 
There is a government hatchery at Lester Park and the state 
has one at French River. 

O’B II p. 20 


Lie and Lay 

lie, lay, lain 

Lie means to remain or to rest in a place. 

1 . I lie in the hammock now. 

2. I lay in the hammock yesterday. 

3. I have lain in the hammock many times. 

4. She lies in the hammock now. 

5. She lay in the hammock yesterday. 

6. She has lain in the hammock all the afternoon. 

7. They lie in the hammocks now. 

8. They lay in the hammocks yesterday. 

9. They have lain in the hammocks many times. 

lay, laid 

Lay means to place or to put down in a place. 

1 . I lay the books on the table now. 

2. I laid them on the table yesterday. 

3. I have laid them on the table many times. 



82 


4. He lays the books on the table now. 

5. He laid them on the table yesterday. 

6. He has laid them on the table many times. 

7. They lay the books on the table now. 

8. They laid them on the table yesterday. 

9. They have laid them on the table many times. 


Fill in the blanks with lie , lay , or lain ; lay or laid. 
Remember, lie means to rest , lay means to put. 

1. The cows_on the soft grass. 

2. Who_on the rug yesterday. 

3. Cats like to_in the warm sun. 

4. _ a blanket on the floor and let the dog-..on it. 

5. The hen_eggs. 

6. _your package on this chair. 

7. Mother, may I_down. 

8. Please._this dress in the trunk. 

9. ____down, Fido. 

10. _the wraps in the guest room. 

11. I_on this couch for an hour. 

12. They have_their lunch pails on the shelf. 

13. They have_under the trees to sleep. 

14. He_the sticks of wood on the fire. 

15. The dog has_before the fire all night. 

16. I shall_the tablecloth on the table. 


O’BII p. 23 



















33 


Groups 

1. Several men are standing together. We say “There 

is a group of men. ’’ 

2. Several birds are together in a tree. We say “See 

the flock of birds.’’ 

3. Several cows are eating grass. We say “What a fine 

herd of COWS.” 

4. The boy sees many fish of the same kind together. 

He says “Don’t frighten the school of fish, I want to 
catch one.”* • 

5. How many people were there? “There was a large 

crowd present.” 

6. There were many trees around the house. “There 

was a large grove of apple trees.” 

7 . A swarm of bees has made its home in that old hollow 

tree. 

8. A pack of wolves ran howling through the woods. 

9. The flowers grew in clusters on the lawn. 

10. I picked a bunch of radishes for our dinner. 

11. A fleet of warships sailed across the ocean. 

12. A gang of men worked in the field. 

13. A bevy of ladies attended the meeting. 

14. The mob of people went wild with anger when the 
police told them to leave. 

15. The conductor and his crew of trainmen went to the 
wreck. 

16. The audience cheered when the president’s name was 
mentioned. 

17. The church has a large congregation . 

18. I had ten heads of cabbages in my garden. 


34 

Put the right word in these blanks: 


group 

grove 

gang 

audience 

bunch 

■flock 

herd 

mob 

swarm 

pack 

cluster 

bevy 

crowd 

fleet 

congregation 

head 

school 

crew 


1. There was a_of pike near my boat. 

2. A__of geese flew over the city. 

3. A_of flies settled on the honey. 

'4. A_ . of boats sailed into the harbor. 

t # 

5. We buy lettuce and cabbage by the- 


6. We saw a_of sheep on the hillside. 

7. Great__ of cattle and horses came to the river 

to drink. 

8. Wolves run in_in the winter. 


9. A_of laborers are building the bridge. 

10. The roses grew in_ 

11. A_of children were around the teacher. 

12. A_1_of school girls came in laughing. 

13. A_of boys are camping by the river. 

14. A_of women demanded food for their children. 

15. There are many_of orange trees in the west. 

16. A_of bees came in the window. 

17. A_of cards lay on the table. 

18. The threshing_came to the tent for their 

dinner. 

19. The speaker spoke to a large_ 

20. A large_listened to the sermon, Sunday. 

21. I paid five cents for a_of onions. 


O’B II P 28 























35 


Plurals I 

Look at these words and tell how many they mean. 
Do these words mean just one or more than one? 


boy 

girl 

house 

streets 

hand 

books 

boats 

lake 

street 

girls 

table 

houses 

mile 

hill 

doors 

names 


In most of our names we add s to the singular (one) to 
make the plural (more than one.) 

Change these names to the plural. 

garden chair 

soldier flag 

flower night 

train tree 


Change these names to the singular. 


hens 

horses 

windows 

eyes 


pigs 

dogs 

days 

apples 


These are some words that do not add s to the singular 
to make the plural. The whole word is changed. 


Singular (one) 
man 
woman 
child 
foot 
tooth 
mouse 
goose 


Plural (more than one) 
men 
women 
children 
feet 
teeth 
• mice 
geese 


36 


Here are some words that always are the same. They 
never change. 


Singular 

Plural 

sheep 

sheep 

deer 

deer 

swine 

swine 

cannon 

cannon 

scissors 

scissors 


Change all the names to the plural: 

1. The woman came to see us. 

2. The child had gone to sleep. 

3. The goose flew away at the noise. 

4. The sheeto ate the green grass. 

5. The man had worked here before. 

6. The mouse ran away. 

7. My tooth had been filled with gold. 

8. The deer came here at night to drink. 

9. The scissors are on the table. 

10. The cannon came by train. 

O’B II p. 31 


Plurals II 

There are many nouns that do not form their plurals by 
simply adding s to the singular. 

Here are some examples: 

Singular Plural 

city cities 

lady ladies 

This is the rule for plurals which governs such words: 
Nouns which end in y preceeded by a consonant change 
the y to i and add es to form the plural. 

Spell the plurals of these nouns. Be careful. 


forty 

country 

body 

baby 

boundary 

fairy 

chimney 

boy 

turkey 

toy 

fly 

valley 

colony 

donkey 

day 


37 


Here are more examples: 

.Nouns that end in / or fe change the / or fe to v and 
add es when forming the plural as: 

Singular Plural 

knife knives 

leaf leaves 

Spell the plural of these ncuns: 

shelf calf wife self 

wolf loaf life thief 

Here are some words ending in / that do not follow the 
above rule. We have to learn them. 


Singular 

Plural 

roof 

roofs 

hoof 

hoofs 

proof 

proofs 

belief 

beliefs 

chief 

chiefs 

scarf 

scarfs 


O’B II p- 31 


Nathan Hale 

Nathan Hale was a young man who lived in the small 
town of Coventry, Connecticut. He was graduated from 
Yale college when eighteen years of age and became a school 
teacher 

At that time the British had several 'colonies in America 
and Connecticut was under British rule. The Americans had 
many quarrels with the mother country, which finally led to 
war. This war is known as the Revolutionary war. It 
began in 1775 and lasted seven years. 

The first battles of the Revolutionary war were fought at 
Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts. Several Ameri¬ 
cans were killed. A messenger on horseback brought the 
news to New London where Hale was teaching school. A 
town meeting was called to decide what should be done. 
Hale made a speech and urged the people to fight for free- 


38 

dom. A company was formed and Hale enrolled as a soldier. 
Late in September he marched with his company to Boston. 
The following May he was made a captain and sent to New 
York. At that time New York was a small town. 

The little'American army was stationed on Manhattan, 
island, where it had retreated from Long Island. The soldiers 
had but scanty clothing and blankets. One third of the men 
were without tents and many were sick. Only 14,000 
American soldiers were fit for duty. In front of them was a 
British army, 25,000 strong. The British were veterans and 
were commanded by able generals. They had plenty of food, 
clothing, guns and ammunition. 

Summer had passed and the cold weather was coming on- 
It was a dark time for the brave Americans. General George 
Washington, the Father of our country, called a council of 
war to decide what should be done. He and his faithful 
followers decided to stay and defend their position. The 
brave Washington could not learn what the British army in¬ 
tended to do. Some one was needed to go in disguise into the 
British camp on Long Island and secure the information. 
This work called for a man of courage. Who would go? 
Nathan Hale came forward and offered to go. His friends 
tried to persuade him not to try. They feared he would be 
captured and killed. But Hale could not be persuaded. The 
work had to be done for his country. 

Late that evening Hale left for the British lines. He 
was disguised as a Dutch schoolmaster and told the British 
he was loyal to them. The British officers welcomed him. 
He visited their camps and made drawings of their grounds 
and forts which he hid in his shoes. 

On his way back to the American lines, he stopped at a 
little tavern called “The Cedars”, to spend the night. A 
number of persons were in the room. One man, whose face 
seemed familiar, suddenly left and was not seen again. The 
next morning Hale went down to the boat to return to the 
American camp. When about to step into the boat he was 
arrested and placed on a British ship. The British searched 
him and found the papers he had hidden in his shoes. He 
was then taken before General Howe, the British commander. 
Hale admitted that he was a spy. General Howe liked the 
young man. He offered him a high place in the British army 


39 


if he would forsake the Americans. But Hale loved America 
and would not desert his country. He was not a traitor. He 
was not a coward and he was not afraid to die. General 
Howe admired him but the rules of war are stern and Hale 
was sentenced to be hanged the next morning before sunrise. 
When asked what he had to say, Hale stood erect as a gallant 
soldier and said, “I only regret that I have but one life to 
give for my country.’' Hale’s reply made him immortal. 
He is one of the greatest heroes in the history of any nation. 
All Americans honor his memory. The British honored him 
because he would not betray his country. Since then thou¬ 
sands of young Americans who had caught the spirit of Hale 
have done noble deeds for America. 

O’BII p.32 


Henry Van Dyke 

Henry Van Dyke was born in 1852 in Pennsylvania. He 
was educated for the ministry and for many years was pastor 
of a Presbyterian church in New York City. He has also 
been professor of English at Princeton University. During 
the war he was our ambassador to Holland. He is a man of 
very high ideals and is admired by all American people. 


“AMERICA FOR ME” 

‘Tis fine to see the Old World, and travel up and down 
Among the famous places and cities of renown, 

To admire the crumbly castles and the statues of the kings,— 
But now I think I’ve had enough of antiquated things. 

So it’s home again, and home again, America for me! 

My heart is turning home again, and there I long to be, 

In the land of youth and freedom beyond the ocean bars, 
.Where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of stars. 


40 


/ Oh, London is a man’s town, there’s power in the air; 

And Paris is a woman’s town, with flowers in her hair; 

And it’s sweet to dream of Venice, and it’s great to study 
Rome; 

But when it comes to living there is no place like home. 

I like the German fir-woods, in green batallions drilled, 

I like the gardens of Versailles with flashing fountains filled; 
But, oh, to take your hand, my dear, and ramble for a day 
In the friendly western woodland where Nature has her way! 


I know that Europe’s wonderful, yet something seems to lack: 
The Past is too much with her and the people looking back. 
But the glory of the Present is to make the Future free,— 
We love our land for what she is. and what she is to be. 

Oh. it’s home again, and home again, America for me! 

I want a ship that’s westward bound to plow the rolling sea, 
To the blessed Land of Room Enough beyond the ocean bars, 
Where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of stars. 

O'BII p. 34 


Walt Whitman 


Walt Whitman was an American poet. He was born 
at Long Island, New York, in 1819. During the Civil war he 
was an army nurse. The poem “0 Captain! My'Captain!” 
was inspired by his war experiences. He is one of the best 
known and most loved of American poets. 


0 CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN! 

0 Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done, 

The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is 
won, 

The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, 
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring, 
But 0 heart! heart! heart! 

0 the bleeding drops of red, 

Where on the deck my Captain lies, 

Fallen cold and dead. 




41 


0 Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; 

Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle thrills, 
For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths—for you the shores 
a-crowding, 

For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turn¬ 
ing; 

Here Captain! dear father! 

This arm beneath your head! 

It is some dream that on the deck 
You’ve fallen cold and dead. 

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, 

My father does not feel my arm, but has no pulse or will, 
The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and 
done, 

From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; 
Exult 0 shores, and ring 0 bells! 

But I, with mournful tread, 

Walk the deck my Captain lies, 

Fallen cold and dead. 


O’B II p. 38 


John Greenleaf Whittier 

The writings of great men and women belong to the 
world. The men themselves are claimed by the land of their 
birth but all their thoughts are claimed by the universe. 
Thoughts have no boundary lines. You have brought with 
you the thoughts of the great writers of your country. Those 
thoughts you will be asked to share with us. We wish now 
to share with you a great American poet, John Greenleal 
Whittier. Mr. Whittier was a friend oi Mr. Longfellow, 
another American poet, whose poem Paul Revere s Ride , 

y ° U Mr Whittier was born in Massachusetts in 1807 and died 
in 1892.’ He was the son of a poor farmer. His early life 
was full of extreme hardships. He earned his way through 
school Later he was the editor of a newspaper. On account 
of his strong opposition to slavery, he was elected by his 



42 


neighbors to the legislature. But his health was so poor that 
he had to give up politics. He wrote many poems against 
slavery and did a great deal to free the states c>f that evil. 
You will enjoy his poem of the life on the farm in the winter 
time called “Snow Bound”. “Snow Bound” is considered one 
of the best of Mr. Whittier’s poems. It is too long to be 
given here. The poem “Barbara Frietchie” which you are 
to read, is a story of something that really happened during 
the Civil war. Every school boy and girl in America knows 
this poem. 


BARBARA FRIETCHIE 

Up from the meadows rich with corn, 

Clear in the cool September morn, 

The clustered spires of Frederick stand 
Green-walled by the hills of Maryland. 

Round about them orchards sweep, 

Apple and peach tree fruited deep, 

Fair as the garden of the Lord 

To the eyes of the famished rebel horde, 

On the pleasant morn of the early fall 
When Lee marched over the mountain-wall; 

Over the mountains winding down, 

Horse and foot, into Frederick town. 

Forty flags with their silver stars, 

Forty flags with their crimson bars, 

Flapped in the morning wind: the sun 
Of noon looked down and saw not one. 

Up rose old Barbara Frietchie then 
Bowed with her fourscore years and ten; 

Bravest of all in Frederick town, 

She took up the flag the men hauled down; 


In her attic window the staff she set, 

To show that one heart was loyal yet. 

Up the street came the rebel tread, 
Stonewall Jackson riding ahead. 

Under his slouched hat left and right 
He glanced; the old flag met his sight. 

“Halt”—the dust-brown ranks stood fast. 
“Fire’*—out blazed the rifle-blast. 

It shivered the window, pain and sash; 

It rent the banner with seam and gash. 

Quick, as it fell, from the broken staff 
Dame Barbara snatched the silken scarf. 

She leaned far out on the window-sill, 
And shook it forth with a royal will. 

“Shoot, if you must, this old gray head, 
But spare your country’s flag,” she said. 

A shade of sadness, a blush of shame, 
Over the face of the leader came; 

The nobler nature within him stirred 
To life at the woman’s deed and word; 

“Who touches a hair of yon gray head 
Dies like a dog! March on!” he said. 

All day long through Frederick street 
Sounded the tread of marching feet: 

All day long that free flag tost 
Over the heads of the rebel host. 

Ever its torn folds rose and fell 
On the loyal winds that loved it well; 

And through the hill-gaps sunset light 
Shone over it with a warm good-night. 


44 


Barbara Frietchie’s work is o’er, 

And the rebel rides on his raids no more. 

Honor to her! and let a tear 

Fall, for her sake, on Stonewall’s bier. 

Over Barbara Frietchie’s grave, 

Flag of Freedom and Union, wave! 

Peace and order and beauty draw 
Round thy symbol of light and law; 

And ever the stars above look down 
On thy stars below in Frederick town! 


O’B II p. 40 


Abraham Lincoln Stories 


Many books have been w ritten about Lincoln. During 
every great crisis, one or two men have been developed who 
could lead the nation through to victory. Washington was 
our great man during the revolution and in the period im¬ 
mediately after while the constitution was being made. 
Lincoln lead the nation during the Civil war and prevented 
disunion. To help win the Civil war he freed all the negro 
slaves. 

He was a great man but a very simple man. Those who 
read only of his life while he was president know little of his 
great heart and kindly humor. He told many funny stories 
and often as a lawyer won his cases by telling humorous 
tales. 

While Lincoln was clerking in a grocery at New Salem, 
Illinois, he discovered he had taken six and one-quarter 
cents too much from a customer, so he walked three miles 
; evening after the store closed to return the money. This 
other similar acts caused him to be called “Honest Abe.” 






45 


Y 

( Lincoln, meeting in a park a negro who told him a pitiful 
(story, wrote out a check: “Pay to the colored man with one 
leg, Five Dollars.” 


Friends were gossiping in Lincoln’s presence on what 
they considered the proper length of a man’s legs, and finally 
appealed to him. “Abe, what do you think about it?” 

Lincoln had a far-away look, as he sat with one leg 
twisted around the other, but he responded to the question, 
“Think about what?” 

“Well, we’re talking abDut the proper length of a 
man’s legs. We think yours are too long and Douglas’s too 
short, and we would like to know what you think is the 
proper length.” 

“Well,” said Lincoln, “that’s a matter I’ve never given 
any thought to, so, of course, I may be mistaken; but my 
first impression is that a man’s legs ought to be long enough 
to reach from his body to the ground.” 


Secretary Seward, a member of Lincoln’s cabinet, said 
to the President, “Mr. President, I hear that you turned out 
for a colored woman on a muddy crossing the other day.” 

“Did you?” returned the other laughingly. “Well, I 
don’t remember it, but I always make it a rule if people do 
not turn out for me, I will for them. If I didn t, there 
would be a Collision.” 


Lincoln tells this story: 

An old man with shaggy overhanging eyebrows came 
out of his house one morning and thought he saw a gray 
squirrel on a tree near the house. So he took down his rifle 
and fired at the squirrel, but the squirrel never moved. He 
loaded and fired again and again until, after the thirteenth 
shot, he sat down his gun impatiently and said ^ to his boy, 




there’s something wrong about this rifle.” 





46 


‘‘Rifle’s all right, I know it is,” answered the boy, but 
where’s your squirrel?’’ I 

“Don’t you see him, humped up about half way up the 
tree?” inquired the old man peering over his spectacles and 
getting mystified. 

“No, I don’t,” replied the boy; then he turned and 
looked at his father’s face and exclaimed, “Yes, I spy your 
squirrel! You have been firing at a flea on your own brow!” 


Lincoln tells a very funny story about Daniel Webster: 

In school little Dan had been guilty of some misdoings 
for which he was to be caned on the hand. His hands were 
dirty and on his way to the teacher’s desk he tried to rub 
the dirt off on his trousers. When the teacher looked at his 
hand he exclaimed, “Well this is hard to beat! If you will 
find another hand in this room as filthy, I will let you off!” 

Daniel popped out his left hand, which he had kept in 
the background and cried, “Here it is, sir!” 


One day while walking, Lincoln saw a friend, Major 
Johnson, scraping among the fallen leaves under a tree. 

“Good morning, major! What in the world are you do¬ 
ing there?’’ 

Looking for a few horse-chestnuts.” 

“Do you expect to find them under a sycamore tree?” 
The president laughed and passed on. 

O’B II p. 40 


The Sales of State Lands 

In 1803 the United States bought many millions of acres 
of land from France for $15,000,000 or about three cents per 
acre. We also received many thousands of acres from 
England when we became free from her. The United States 
sold this land to settlers very cheaply. The United States 
also gave many acres to Minnesota, as well as other states, 
for common schools, colleges of agriculture and the univers- 







47 

ity. Some of these lands are swampy, some are rocky, some 
have iron ore mines, some have timber and some are good for 
farming. This land is in Aitkin, Beltrami, Cass, Cook, 
Itasca, Koochiching, Lake, Roseau, and St. Louis counties. 
There aie still 1,900,000 acres of school lands in Minnesota. 

The state auditor_ 

sells the timber from the land first and later he sells the 
land. Anyone can attend these sales and buy the timber or 
land at auction. If he buys timber, he must pay 25% at 
once, and the remainder when the timber is cut. If he buys 
land, he must pay 15% at once and the remainder in small 
payments covering a period of forty years. These sales are 
advertised in the newspapers many times a year. If you 
want to buy a farm, watch for these notices. 

If there is iron ore on the land, the state will not sell it. 
The state rents the land to a mining company. Some of our 
most valuable iron mines are on state lands. 

The money which the state gets from the timber, land 
and iron ore is put in a fund. The interest on this money is 
then used to help pay the salaries of the teachers in our 
schools. This fund now amounts to $38,720,317.12, and the 
yearly interest is about $1,569,000. States with large funds 
can have very good schools. 

O’B II p. 43 
Plass p. 82 

Homonyms 

Homonyms are words similar in sound but different in 
meaning. 

1. air—Fresh air is healthful, 
heir—He is heir to a fortune. 

How much money did his-receive? 

2. allowed—No hunting allowed on these grounds, 
aloud—Do not speak aloud irf the library. • 

You are not_-to ride on the sidewalk. 

3. ate-They ate their dinner at the hotel, 
eight—They work eight hours a day. 

I begin my work at-o’clock. 






48 


4. bare—The boy is bare footed, 
bear—He caught a bear in a trap. 

The wind blew the tree__of leaves. 

5. beach—The beach was covered with shells, 
beech—The beech tree was cut down. 

The ship was washed up on the_ 

6. blue—Her dress is blue, 
blew—How the wind blew! 

I will buy the_hat. 

7. bin—The bin is full of wheat, 
been—Where have you been? 

The_is 6 ft. high, 8 ft. long and 5 ft. wide. 

8. buy—I wish to buy some sugar, 
by—We drove by the church. 

How much flour did you_? 

\ 

9. beat— She beat the rug clean. 

beet—The sugar beet is raised in the West. 

Do you like_greens? 

10. break—Do not break the dishes. 

brake—The brake on the car would not work. 

_i_the board in two. 

11. cell—The jail had many cells for prisoners, 
sell—Will you sell the land to me. 

Into which_shall I put the man? 

12. cent—The candy is one cent a stick, 
sent—I sent the boy for a paper. 

scent—The scent of the pines was refreshing. 

Who___you this order? 

13. cents—A cup of coffee costs five cents. 

sense—It is a fine thing to have good, common sense. 

I can see no_to that problem. 












49 


14. chews—No lady chews gum in public, 
choose—You may choose the color you wish. 

Which way do you_....to go? 

15. choir—I heard the church choir sing, 
quire—A quire is twenty-four sheets of paper. 

How many people were singing in the-‘-? 

16. currant—Currant bushes grew in the yard, 
current—The boat went with the river current. 

We had a_pie for dinner. 

17. dear—I met a dear friend. 

deer—The woods are full of deer. 

I gave a book to the_child. 

18. die—The flowers die in a frost, 
dye—Will you dye my dress brown? 

Did your rabbits all-? 

19. fair—The lady was very fair, 
fair-They did not play a fair game, 
fare—The fare to that city is ten dollars. 

I hope Monday is a-day. 

20. fir—The hill was covered with fir trees. 
f ur —She bought a fur coat. 

Mink_is very expensive. 

21 forth_The water rushed forth from the well. 

fourth—April is the fourth month of the year. 

He walked_from the budding a happy man. 

22 gait—He was walking at a swift gait, 
gate—The child left the garden gate open. 

Has the horse a fast-• 

23. gilt—The mirror has a gilt frame. 

guilt—the boy's face showed his guilt. 

The_of the prisoner was unquestionable. 











50 


24. great—United States is a great country, 
grate—We toasted our bread before the grate. 

Theodore Roosevelt was a__man. 

25. hair—She was combing her hair. 

hare—The dog caught the hare in the field. 

Did you ever eat the meat of a_:_? 

26. heel—The heels of my shoes are too high, 
heal—It took four days for the cut to heal. 

Do you like rubber_on your shoes? 

27. hear—I hear the birds singing, 
here—Please come here. 

Can you_the herdsman calling his cattle? 

28. him—I saw him on the street. 

hymn—We will sing the first hymn in the book. 

Do you enjoy the old_best? 

29. hole—There is a hole in my glove, 
whole—I will take the whole cake. 

The cat watched the mouse’s_ 

80. hour—I will be back in an hour, 
our—This is our tree. 

When will_friend come? 

31. knew—We knew the lesson, 
new—These are new shoes. 

He_the way over the mountains. 

32. knot—Tie a knot in the string, 
not—I am not going. 

This yarn has a_in it. 

33. know—I know the way to go. 
no—They have no books. 

Do you_your lesson? 

34. lead—The plumber fixed the lead pipe, 
led—He led the army to victory. 

Give me a__pencil, please? 













51 


35 . made—This was made in a factory, 
maid—The maid swept the room. 

Is this lace hand_? 

36. mail—The postman left no mail, 
male—A male quartet sang. 

Put the letters into the_box. 

37 . meat—He bought three pounds of meat, 
meet—This car will meet the train. 

What kind of___did you order? 

38. miner—The miner worked in a coal mine, 
minor—A minor cannot vote. 

They would not allow a_to collect his wages. 

39 . oar—The boat had only one oar. 
ore—Iron ore comes from Hibbing. 

The man bought me a pair of- 

40. one—I stayed one day. 

won—The black horse won the race. 

Who_the prize? 

41. pail—The pail was full of water, 
pale—He turned pale with fright. 

The cloth was a_blue in color. 

42. peace—There was peace between the nations, 
piece—We found a piece of the wheel. 

He had accomplished the work and his mind was at- 

43 . pear—He ate a pear from our orchard, 
pare—The girl will pare the potatoes, 
pair—I have a pair of new shoes. 

She will_the_before eating it. 

44 pray—She went to church to pray. 
prey—The mouse was the prey of the cat. 

The mother will_-f° r the war to end. 

45 raps—He raps on the door. 
wraps-She wraps the goods in paper. 

The child put on many- 













52 

46. right—Raise your right hand, 
write—Don’t forget to write that letter. 

The house was on the_side of the road. 

47. road—The road was dusty. 

rode—They rode in an automobile. 

They_slowly down the long_ 

48. ring—Hear the bells ring, 
wring—Wring the clothes dry. 

I shall_the water from the towel. 

49. sail—They sail for Europe today, 
sale—This stove is for sale. 

They attended the_of toy_boats. 

50. sea—The sea waves were high, 
see—Do you see the lighthouse? 

I can_the boats out at_ 

51. son—The man had one son. 
sun—The sun is shining. 

His face was burned by the hot__^_ 

52. steal—It is wrong to steal, 
steel—The knife is made of steel. 

His muscles were like__ 

53. two—There were two men in the room, 
to—He walked to the window. 

too—The baby wants to go too. 

^ The_friends went__the beach. 

54. their—Their windows are open. 

there—I shall stop there on my way home. 

I saw__car standing_ 

55. weak—He was too weak to stand, 
week—There are seven days in a week. 

They stayed a_at a hotel. 

56. wood—This stove burns wood, 
would—I would like to play for you. 

He_like to chop the___._ 

O’B II p. 45 



















58 


Antonyms 

Antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning: 


Nouns 


summer 

winter 

north 

south 

east 

west 

heat 

cold 

front 

back 

hero 

coward 

friend 

enemy 

friend 

foe 

man 

woman 

boy 

girl 

saint 

sinner 

noon 

midnight 

son 

daughter 

pleasure 

pain 

love 

hate 

citizen 

alien 


Change the words in these sentences to mean the opposite:. 

1. It happened on one cold winter midnight when the wind 

blew strong from the north , that a ship was making 
harbor from the east , an enemy ship sighted her. 

2 . The hero ran qvickly to the front of the battle line. 

3. The message filled her with pleasure. 

4. Love was in the eyes of her friends. 

X 5. A woman came to the door to meet us. 

V 6. I was introduced to his daughter. 

A 7. It was a school for boys. 

X 8. She seems to think her friend is a saint. 

Verbs 


float 

borrow 

lend 

come 

live 

die 

forget 

teach 

learn 

end 

find 

lose 

shut 

yC retreat 

give 

take 


sink 

remember 
begin 
open 

^(advance 

Change the words in these sentences to mean the opposite: 

1 . I am sure to remember that. 

2. He will begin his work on Monday. 

3. You will find my watch. 

4. They come here every week. 

5. The boat will sink. 

i 6. I shall teach history this summer. 

X 7. Give the cake to the boy on the bicycle. 

>( 8. You have to live to win in that kind of an insurance. 


9. Open the door, please. . 

10. He wishes to borrow some money at 6% interest. 

11. The regiment advanced to second place. 



< 

Adjectives 


beautiful 

ugly 

idle 

busy 

good 

bad 

true 

false 

smooth 

rough 

bright 

dull 

sweet 

sour 

generous 

stingy 

heavy 

light 

sick 

well 

early 

late 

fine 

coarse 

fast 

slow 

soft 

hard 

tall 

short 

thick 

thin 

wet 

dry 

broad 

narrow 

this 

that 

noisy 

quiet 

these 

those 

large 

small 

old 

young 

fresh 

stale 

n[ high 

low 

straight 

crooked 

Change the words 

in these sentences to mean the < 


1. The heavy car wended its way slowly down the narrow , 


rough streets. 

2. The noisy children stood looking at the old men cut the 

tally thick trees into logs. 

3. It was late in the afternoon. 

4. This is a true statement. 

5. Her hair was fine and beautiful. 

> 6. The roads in the country were very good last month. 
y 7. I like siceet apples for pies, 
s 8. We saw many idle men in the town. 

9. What a generous old gentleman he is. 

10 . We have had much dry weather this summer. 

11. The woods were full of large animals. 
f 12. I like to sleep on a soft bed. 

s 13. We found all the family well, 
f 14. He is a very bright pupil. 

< 15. These eggs are fresh. 

16. The girl drew a straight line on her paper. 


What are the opposites of these words: 
over here A down 

above inside near 


/ before 
^.slowly 


55 


How to Estimate My Expenses and Wages 


1 . Three lbs. pork sausage costs 60 cents. Three lbs. pork 
sausage in casings costs 75 cents. How much more 
does the sausage in casings cost than the other? 


2 . 


3. 


4. 


Last year one family spent $749 for food. This year they 
have spent $836. How much less did the food cost 
last year? 

This year a man sold $3,280 worth of clothing. Last year 
he sold $2,648 worth. How much more did he sell this 
year than last? 

How much can I save, if I use the cheaper of these meals: 


Butter 

.$ .15 

Butter $ .15 

Bread _ 

_ .09 

Bread 

.15 

Head Lettuce __ 

_ .15 

Leaf Lettuce ___ 

.05 

Dressing 

_ .20 

Vinegar & sugar 

.04 

Chops 

_ .40 

Stew 

.25 

Potatoes . __ 

_ .14 

Rice _ _ 

.09 

Coffee 

_ .04 

Coffee 

.04 

Sugar and Milk_ 

. .02 

Sugar andMilk__ 

.02 


5 . A family uses 14 quarts of milk per week. How many 

quarts do they use in a year? 

6 . I bake 32 loaves of bread a month. How many do I bake 

in a year? 

7 . My wife says that my breakfast costs 15 cents per day. 

How much do my breakfasts cost for a year? 

8 . We use 8 potatoes every day for dinner. How many do 

we use in a week? 

9 . If one pair of stockings costs 60 cents, how much do I 

pay for 8 pairs of stockings. 

10. How much would 7 yards of lace cost at 18c per yard 

11 I nurchase a bill of goods for $4.68 and paid the clerk 
with a $5 bill. How much change did I receive? 

12. I paid $8.42 for a hat and gave the clerk $9.00. What 
change did I receive? 















56 



13. I purchase the following goods: 

1 suit___$42.00 

1 pair shoes__ 8.00 

1 hat_ 4.85 

How much change did I receive from 3 twenty dollar 
bills? 

14. I drew $10 from the bank at the beginning of the week. 


My expenses are: 

Monday, car fare_$.15 

lunch_.45 

paper_ .03 

Wednesday, car fare___ .15 

lunch_ .35 

paper __ .03 


Friday, 


carfare_.10 

lunch_.45 

paper_ .03 


Tuesday, 


Thursday, 


Saturday, 


How much have I left at the end of the week? 


car fare_$.10 

lunch_.50 

2 papers_.06 

car fare____ .15 

lunch_.40 

paper_ .03 

groceries_.45 

car fare_.10 

meat_ .68 

paper_.03 

strawberries .30 


15. I buy sixteen boxes of strawberries at 25c per box. How 

much did I pay? 

16. I pay 45c per quart for raspberries. How much will 

twelve quarts cost? 

17. I pay 38c per pound for 14 pounds of steak. How much 

did it cost? 

Review the multiplication tables 1 to 6 and add the tables 
7 to 12, inclusive, on the blank space left for that 
purpose. 














57 

18. A man earns $32 per week and saves $5 each week. How 

much will he save in a year of 52 weeks? 

A company pays piece wages as follows: 

Article N4—4 cents for the first 60 per dav 

4J- “ “ “ next 10 “ “ 

41 “ “ “ “ 10 “ “ 

4f “ “ “ “ 10 “ “ 

5 “ “ any over 90 “ “ 

One cent is deducted for spoiled articles. 

19. John made 90, 91, 91, 94, and 96 of article N4 without 

spoiling any. What did he earn during the week? 
What were his average daily earnings? 

20. Peter made 84 of N4 and spoiled two. What did he re¬ 

ceive? 

Another company pays at the following rates for article 
NS14: 

22 cents each for the first 12 per day 
24 “ “ “ “ next 3 “ “ 

26 “ “ “ “ “ 3 “ “ 

27 “ “ for all over 18 

His pay is docked 15c for each article spoiled. 

21. John made 17 of NS14 the first day. What were his 

wages for that day? 

22. The next day he made 16 and spoiled one. What were 

his wages? 

23. The following day he made 18 and spoiled 2. What were 

his wages? 

24. A weekly pay sheet looks like this: 

Peter 

made spoiled 

Monday_14 0 

Tuesday-16 1 

Wednesdav-__18 1 

Thursday_20 0 

Friday_21 1 

Saturday-24 2 

What were his weekly wages? 


O’B II p. 51 





58 


Buying a Home 

1. How much will 4J- lbs. of steak at 32c per lb. cost? 

2. How much will 3} lbs. of pork at 28c per lb. cost? 


6)496 

8)792 

9)467 7)647 4)29643 

9)4678 

8)4967 

7)4827 

11)4692 

12)4724 

13)4968 

15)24678 

25)278943 



7. My weekly wages are $42 and my weekly expenses are 

$37. How much can I save in a year if I have work 
all the time? 

8. How much can I save in 3 years? 

9. After three years I find that I can buy a house for $3000 

by paying $700 down and paying the rest in install¬ 
ments. How much would remain to be paid in monthly 
installments? How much could I pay each month con¬ 
sidering that I shall not have to pay rent of $25 per 
month after moving into my own house. 

10. If no interest were charged, how many months would it 

take me to pay for the house? 

11. If $365 in interest must be paid, how much longer will it 

take me to pay for the house? 

12. How long will it take me to pay for a lot costing $600, if 

I pay $25 down and $10 per month? No interest is 
charged. 

13. If I pay $800 down on a $3,500 house and pay $40 per 

month, how long will it take me to pay for the house? 
No interest is charged. 






59 


14. How long will it take to pay for a furnace costing $195, 

if I pay $10 down and $5 per week? 

15. New furniture for the dining room and bedroom will cost 

$125. I can pay $25 down and $5 per week. How long 
will it take me to pay for this furniture? 

16. If I can pay all cash for the furniture, I can get a dis¬ 

count of 10%. How much must I pay in all, if I pay 
cash? How long will it take me to save that amount 
at $6 per week? 

All contracts for purchase of land and house require the 
payment of interest on the amount of money not yet 
paid. This is usually worked out each time a payment 
is made by the use of interest tables. There are many 
forms of contract and each one must be studied care¬ 
fully before signing. It is not wise to purchase many 
things which lose their value very quickly. Land and 
houses do not lose their value as rapidly as furniture 
and clothing. It is not wise to buy clothing on the 
easy payment plan except in times of great emergency. 

17. Mr. X. buys a home for $4,250, June 1st, and pays $2,000 

and gives a mortgage for the remainder. What is the 
amount of the mortgage? The interest on the mort¬ 
gage is at 6% payable June 1st and December 1st of 
each year. How much interest does he pay December 
1st? If he saves $50 a month during the months of 
June, July, August, September, and November, how 
much has he saved by December 1st? He pays out of 
this the interest first .and pays the balance on the 
principal of the mortgage. How much principal does 
he pay? How much does he still owe on the house 
December 1st? 


O’B II p. 51 


60 


The Public Library 

The public library is for all the people of Duluth. Any 
one can come to the library to read and study, or get books 
to read at home. 

The library will help people to educate themselves, and 
to learn more about their trade or business. It contains books 
on many different subjects, besides magazines and news¬ 
papers. It also has books in foreign languages, such as 
Swedish, Norwegian, Polish, Italian, and Finnish. 

To take books from the library one must sign an applica¬ 
tion ca^d with name and address, and give the names of two 
friends who live in the city. A library card is then given on 
which the books taken from the library are recorded. Two 
or more books may be taken at one time. Most books may 
be kept two weeks. The librarian or any of the assistants 
will be glad to help you find the right books to take from the 
library. 

For those who like to read in the library there are newspa¬ 
pers from several other cities as well as those from Duluth, 
and many magazines. These are in the reading rooms. In 
the reference room are books which are useful for study or 
to find information on all subjects. These books may not be 
taken from the library because they are constantly used 
both by the public and the librarians. 

For the young readers there is a children’s room. It 
contains special books for the children. The librarian is 
always glad to help the children select their books. Children 
have library cards. Their card must be signed by their 
parents. 

The mein library of Duluth is at First avenue west and 

Second street. The librarian is Miss_ 

There are branch libraries .at West Duluth, West End, 
Morgan Park, and Lester Park. There are library stations 
in several of the public schools where both children and par¬ 
ents can get books to read. The same card can be used at 
any branch or station as well as the main library. 

The main library is open all day until nine o’clock at 
night and on Sunday afternoon and evening. The branches 
are open afternoons and evenings. 

O’B II p. 56 
M & C p. 108-109 



61 


Relative Pronouns 


1. This is Mr. White. 

2. Mr. White lives next door to us. 

3. This is Mr. White who lives next door to us. 

1. I found the house. 

2. The house had a green roof. 

3. 1 found the house that had a green roof. 

1. The dog is a Newfoundland. 

2. He saved my life once. 

3. The dog which once saved my life, is a Newfoundland. 

1. Jack will select the music. 

2. His mother is a musician. 

3. Jack, whose mother is a musician, will select the music. 

In these sets the third sentence combines the thought of 
the first two sentences. This is done with the help of 
some connecting words, called relative pronouns, 
which refer back to some noun in the sentence. This 
does away with saying some nouns twice and makes 
smoother and better English. 

These are the relative pronouns: icho, which, and that. 

Whose is the possessive form of all the relative pronouns. 


This diagram shows how to use them: 


who 

that 

whose 


for persons 


which 

that 

whose 


for animals and things 


Notice that who is used always in referring to persons 
and which is never used in referring to persons. 

1. The cat ichich ate the canary, is dead. 

2. The man who works, wins. 

3. The lady who sang, is my sister. 

4 The girl whose book you have, is m school. 

5. The fish which he caught, are in the pan. 

6. The spool that I want, is in the bag. 

7. The friend that I met on the train, is an old schoolmate. 




62 


Put the right words in the blanks: 

1. The salesman_sold my shoes, is not in the 

store today. 

2. The captain_ _wife you met, was at the party. 

3. I shall go to the hotel_.•_is on Superior street. 

4. I chose the dog_was the largest in the kennel. 

5. I read the book_you recommended to me. 

6. The children_go to the picnic, will have a 

boat ride. 


Make one sentence out of each set: 

1. Grace bought a hat. 

She gave the hat to her sister. 

2. I gave the cup to the boy. 

The boy works there. 

3. At the corner I met my mother. 

My mother went with me. 

4. I have a coat. 

The coat is too small. 

5. The horse came home. 

The horse had run away. 

. 6. The man built a house. 

The house had a sun parlor in front. 

7. Bring the horse from the pasture. 

The horse won the last race. 

\ 8. Mr. Olson bought a house on Elm street. 

Mr. Olson was just married. 

\ 9. Mrs. Jonson sold her automobile. 

She had used it two years. 

10. The manager asked for Mr. Klowsky. 

Mr. Klowsky was the buyer for the company. 


O'B II p. 62 








63 


Future Time 


He 

She 

I | You 

We j sha11 

They 
The man 
The woman 
Mr. Brown 

1. I shall hear you sing tomorrow. 

2. I shall walk to work tomorrow. 

3. I shall run to the house tomorrow. 

4. I shall drink some water tomorrow. 

5. We shall stand to read tomorrow. 

6. I shall see you tomorrow. 

7. I shall come early tomorrow. 

8. He will hear you sing tomorrow. 

9. They will walk to the park tomorrow. 

10. Mr. Brown will eat here. 

11. It will not take long to go there. 

12. She will sit with her family. 

13. You will find the man there. 

14. You will read this book. 


will 


shall or vritt 

1. My family_come to Duluth in June. 

2. I_ ___be glad to see them. 

3. I_take them to see the wheat elevators. 

4. We__drive around the boulevard. 

5. They_see the Aerial bridge. 

6. My father_enjoy a trip on the ferry. 

7. My mother_enjoy the big stores. 

8. They_..both enjoy the parks. 

< 9. You say that you_be in town in June. 

10. We_be glad to have you with us. 


11. I hope the weather_be good. 

O B II p. 74 














64 


Going to Minneapolis 

Change this story to the past and to the future tense. 

I want to go to Minneapolis. My friend who has a car 
wishes to take me to the station. My train leaves at 3:10 p. m. 
I pack my suitcase. I put it in the car. I get into the car. 1 
sit beside my friend. We drive down Lake avenue. We see 
the Aerial bridge. We look at the freight boats. My friend 
says , “How beautiful the lake is today.” We speak to many 
people on Superior street. We keep on the right side of the 
street until we come to Fifth avenue west. Then we turn to 
the left. Our car stops in front of the Union station. I get 
out. My friend gives me my suitcase. I hear the clock in the 
Central high school strike three. I buy my ticket and run 
for the train. 

O B [I p. 74 


Who May Vote 

PERSONS 
^ Men and Women 

1. Natives of the United 

States. 

2. Foreigners who have 

been naturalized. 

3. Civilized half-breeds. 

4. Civilized Indians who 

have been examined. 


in Minnesota 

QUALIFICATIONS 
Men and Women 
Age—21 years and upward. 
Residence: 

In the United States five 
years. 

In the state six months. 

In the election district thirty 
days. 


Status: 

Not convicted of treason or felony. 

Not under guardianship. 

Not insane. 

The principal elections: 

I. Municipal. 

Registration—Second Tuesday in March and the preced¬ 
ing Saturday of each odd numbered year. 



65 


Primary Election—The first Saturday after the second 
Tuesday in March of each odd numbered year. 

General Election—First Tuesday of April in each odd 
numbered year. 

II. State and National. 

Registration—The second Saturday preceding the general 
election is the last registration day. 

Primary Election—On the third Monday in June preced¬ 
ing any general election. 

General Election—First Tuesday after the first Monday 
in November in each even numbered year. 

O’B II p. 78 
M & C p. 159-164 
Plass p. 94-111 


Have and Get 

/ We use have when we mean that we own or possess a 
/ thing. 

“I have a book,” means “I own a book” or ‘T possess 
I a book.” 

I We use get when we need to work or use some effort 
/ to be able to possess a thing. 

J ‘T shall get a book,” means “I shall go somewhere for 
' a book” or, “I shall do something in order to possess 

I a book.” 

Read these sentences: 

1. I got my bicycle at the hardware store. 

2. If you have no book get one from the table. 

3. I have no paper tonight. 

4. I could not get any paper for the stores were closed 
today. 

5. I got my pencil from the table. 

6. I have fifty dollars in the bank. 

7. I got three dollars a day for sewing. 

V 


66 

( 

1 . 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6 . 
7. 



12 . 

13. 

14. 


Fill these blanks with have or has; get or got : 


I_a house on 10th avenue east. 

I_a sister visiting me. 

Did you_your coat from the hall? 

Who_the prize? 

You.___my book. 

We_as far as the post office before the rain came. 

Mrs. Jones __an electric stove. 

He_a fine team of horses. 

My umbrella_a white handle. 

Will you_me some black thread, please. 

My father_three Jersey cows. 

Your sister_,my kodak to day. 

_.you tickets for the auto show? 

I_my spelling lesson. 


O’BII p. 80 


Between and Among 

1. I walked between the two buildings. 

2. The child sat between his father and mother. 

3. We drove down the shady street between the rows of tall 

elm trees. 

Please notice in the above sentences that there are two 
buildings, two parents and two rows of trees. We use 
between when speaking of two things. 



The lady walked among her flowers. 

The property was divided among the five children. 

The newsboys ran here and there among the crowd. 

In the last three sentences w e speak of more than two 
flowers, more than two children and of a crowd. We 
use among when speaking of more than two things. 




















67 


Use between or among in these sentences: 

1. I drove-the house and the barn. 

2. The cows ate the grass_the trees. 

3. A hill is-our house and the lake. 

4. A valley is the land_two hills. 

5. The train wound in and out_the many mountains. 

6. There is a strong friendship_the members of 

that club. 

7. The boy divided his orange_his two sisters. 

8. The mother divided the pie_,the six boys. 

9. A battle was fought__ the Indians and the 

English. 

10. We hunted_the stones for arrow heads. 

11. She pressed the flowers_the covers of a heavy 

book. 

12. His land is_the railroad track and the river. 

O’B II p80 

Into and In 

/ Into and in have different meanings. Into is used when 
[going from the outside of a thing to the inside of that thing. 
Look at these sentences: 

1. I went into the room. 

2. We went from France into Germany. 

3. Please put your knife into your pocket. 

In is used when going from one place in a thing to 
another place in the same thing. In helps to tell the place 
of a thing: 

Look at these sentences: 

1. We traveled in the United States. 

2. The scissors are in my work box. 

3. The teacher went from desk to desk in the class room. 

4. Mrs. Hanson lives in Hibbing. 














68 


Fill these blanks with into or in: 

1. James ran_the house. 

2. My coat is_the hall. 

3. There is a mouse_the trap. 

4. Aratgot.__ _the trap. 

5. The street car ran_the truck. 

6. The horse is_:_the barn. 

7. Put your books_your desk. 

8. We walked from the street_the park. 

9. She was walking_the country. 

10. Come_my office at eight o'clock, please. 

11. They are_great trouble. 

Q’BII p.80 


More Prepositions 


with 

of 

against 

above 

at 

across 

behind 

below 

for 

over 

before 

down 

upon 

near 

through 

around 


1. Will you come home_me? 

2. The children laughed_the monkey. 

3. The mayor talked_the carpenter. 

V 4. We saw the moon_the lake. 

\ The dog ran_the yard. 




















69 


5. 

7. 

8 . 
9. 

10 . 

11 . 

12 . 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16 . 
17. 


18. 


19. 

20 . 
21 . 
22 . 

23. 

24. 

25. 


The hoe is leaning_the tool shed. 

The sky is..___us. 

The ground is___.___us. 

My sister's home is_.__my home. 

I put the box_the high shelf. 

Will you sweep the floor_me, please? 

They are not___..home. 

The ball came__the open window. 

Monday comfes_Tuesday. 

What is the matter_ it? 

Please, wait_me. 

The boat sank___the surface of the water. 

My brother went_the ocean. 

The boat drifted_the river. 

The vegetable garden is_the house. 

Who sits_me? 

I walked_the block. 

Lincoln said, “A government- __ the people 

_the people, and- 

the people shall not perish from the earth." 

Birds live_the land; fish live-the 

water. 

Fish breathe_their gills; birds breathe- 

__their lungs. 


O’B II p 80 


























70 


Phrases 

Phrases are groups of words that help out the meaning 
of a sentence. 

Make sentences using these phrases: 


1. of great size. 

2. without a home. 

3. above him. 

4. across the river. 

5. at home. 

6. after that. 

7. along the shore. 

8. before me. 

9. among the trees. 

10. beneath the sky. 

11. behind the house. 

12. into the deep water. 

13. according to the news¬ 

paper. 

14. in regard to your letter. 

15. for the sake of his father. 

16. for him and us. 

17. for him and me. 

18. for her and me. 

19. between you and me. 

20. among us. 

£1. in place of dessert. 


22. over the fence. 

23. past them. 

24. since yesterday. 

25. till next week. 

26. to the post office. 

27. under our feet. 

28. up the tree. 

29. without a dollar. 

30. aboard the ship. 

31. about you and me. 

32. in the room. 

33. into the room. 

34. out from under. 

35. just before the storm. 

36. of no value. 

37. out of sight. 

38. from over the way. 

39. in spite of all. 

40. without doubt. 

41. to make up my mind. 

42. to break up housekeeping. 

43. to use up the sugar. 


CNill p. 83 




71 


Harrison Park 

Harrison Park is located at Twenty-ninth avenue west 
and Third street. It is an athletic park and the only one of 
its kind in the city. Harrison Park contains eight acres and 
is surrounded by a non-climbable fence. A community house 
has been built there at a cost of seventeen thousand dollars. 
The grounds of this park are well equipped with swings, giant 
strides, traveling rings, slides, and other playground appa¬ 
ratus. 

A wading pool has also been put in. Then there are base¬ 
ball fields, one for outdoor baseball and two for indoor; a foot¬ 
ball field, a double tennis court, and a racing track. Every¬ 
one will find some manner of amusement that interests him. 

During the summer months the playground is in charge 
of two competent instructors. These instructors guide the 
girls, boys, men, and women in their play. 

In the winter a part of this park is made into a skating 
rink, three hundred ninety-eight feet long and one hundred 
ninety feet wide. The community house is then used for a 
warming house. A keeper with his assistants keeps the ice 
and warming house in good condition. 

Much money has been spent on this playground. But the 
children and the older people are having so much pleasure 
and recreation that it is well worth the expense. 

Harrison Park is not only a playground for children but 
also for grown-ups. It is intended for all. Some people have 
the mistaken idea that playgrounds are only for children and 
young people. The harder you work, the more important it 
is that you should play. It gives you an opportunity for rest 
and helps keep you well. 

There are many other playgrounds in the city but they 
are not so well equipped. 

O’B II p. 83 
M. & C. p. 116-125 


72 




How 

to Use Some Common Words. No. I 

l 

2 


3 

Today 

Yesterday 


Used with Helping 
Words 

see 

saw 


seen 

eat 

ate 


eaten 

write 

wrote 

Helping Words 

written 

go 

went 

is 

gone 

speak 

spoke 

are 

spoken 

give 

gave 

was 

given 

take 

took 

has 

taken 

do 

did 

had 

done 

drink 

drank 

have 

drunk 

know 

knew 


known 

ride 

rode 


ridden 

begin 

began 


begun 


see, saw, seen 

1. I see the lake today. 

2. I saw the lake many times. 

3. The sun is seen rising in the east every clear morning. 

4. The lake gulls are seen flying after the passenger boats. 

5. She was seen - walking by the lake. 

6. They icere seen • walking by the lake. 

7. I hare seeyi the lake many times. 

8. You have seen the lake many times. 

9. He has seen the lake many times. 

10. They had seen the lake many times. 

Did you notice that the word seen in the above had a help¬ 
ing word? The words in column 3 cannot be used 
without helping words. 

The words in column 1 and 2 do not need these helping 
words. It would not be good English to use helping 
words with them. 


73 


Fill in the blanks in these sentences: 

see, saw, seen 

1. He was_on an East Ninth street car yesterday. 

2. I_the car coming yesterday. 

3. I have_the car coming. 

4. I_the car coming now. 

eat, ate, eaten 

1. She has_breakfast with me many times. 

2. You_breakfast with me yesterday. 

3. I_breakfast every morning. 

4. They had_their breakfast before we came. 

write, wrote, written 

1. He has_---five letters. 

2. Who_to you last week? 

3. I __to my sister every week. 

4. The letter was_on linen paper. 

go, went, gone 

l j__to church last Sunday. 

2 . I_to church now. 

3 He has_to church for three Sundays. 

4. They have_to church already. 


















74 


speak, spoke, spoken 


1. English is_in the United States. 

2. You have_to them about it. 

3. They_to us yesterday. 

4. Do they_English well? 


give, gave, given 

1. The man_the child a dime. 

2. They have_all the help that was needed. 

3. I__you this free of charge. 

4. The children were_presents. 


take, took, taken 

1. She_the class for a picnic last Monday. 

2. You_this home with you tonight, please. 

3. We have_six lessons. 


4. I had my picture_Thursday. 


do, did, done 

1. I_not like sugar in coffee. 

2. He has_his work well. 

3. You_not put the books away. 


4. The chicken is_well, 



















75 


drink, drank, drunk 

1. She_two cups of tea at dinner. 

2. I_water with my meals. 

3. They had_much of the mineral water. 

4 . He_a cup of coffee and ate a sandwich. 

know, knew, known 

1. Do you__the multiplication tables? 

2. She has__me for years. 

3 He_that the river bridge was open. 

4 . I have_many people who sing well. 

ride, rode, ridden 

1 We_in the Incline car yesterday. 

2 We have__on the Boulevard many times. 

3 He_on horseback every afternoon. 

4. Camels are_in Egypt. 

begin, began, begun 

1. This class_ a t P as ^ seven * 

2 i_teaching last month. 

3. The band had_to play when we reached the 

park. 

4. It is time to 

O.BIIp- 83 


work now. 


















76 

How to Use Some Common Words. No. II 


1 

Today 

break 

draw 

drive 

fall 

forget 

freeze 

grow 

hide 

shake 

sing 

steal 

swim 


2 

Yesterday 

broke 

drew 

drove 

fell 

forgot 

froze 

grew 

hid 

shook 

sang 

stole 

swam 


Helping Words 

is 

are 

was 

were 

has 

had 

have 


3 

Used with Helping 
Words 

broken 

drawn 

driven 

fallen 

forgotten 

frozen 

grown 

hidden 

shaken 

sung 

stolen 

swum 


break, broke, broken 


1. I break the chalk now. 

2. I broke the chalk yesterday. 

3. I have broken the chalk many times. 

4. The chalk is broken in two pieces. 

5. The points of these pencils are broken . 

6. This dish was broken by the cook. 

7. These dishes were, broken by the cook. 

8. The cat has broken off this plant. 

9. The packer had broken five plates. 

Remember that the words in column 3 need the helping 
words. Remember, also, that the words in column 1 
and 2 do not need helping words. 


Fill in these blanks: 


77 


break, broke, broken 

1. The handle of my umbrella is_ 

2. Six eggs were____ 

3. I cannot_this stick. 

4. Who_my cup? 

draw, drew, drawn 

1. The horses_heavy loads now. 

2. The horses have_many heavy loads. 

3. The boy_a load of wood on his sled yesterday. 

4. The logs were__ ___on huge sleds. 

drive, drove, driven 

2. Will you_me to the station, please? 

2. We have_over this road many times. 

3. Most boats are_by steam. 

4 . He__to the city last week. 

fall, fell, fallen 

1. The tree has___--to the ground. 

2. The snowflakes-.gently. 

3. The rain___'__in torrents Friday. 

4. The clothes line--—to the ground.. 


















78 




forget, forgot, forgotten 


1. Tom_to buy a loaf of bread. 

2. The dog was_by the movers. 

3. He_to wind the clock, 

4. Do not_your rubbers. 


freeze, froze, frozen 

1. The plants_ _last night. 

2. The ice cream is_hard. 

3. Put salt on the ice to make the ice cream_quickly. 

4. The water in the pitcher was___ 


grow, grew, grown 

1. Grass_'..in the deserted streets. 

2. How this tree does_! 

3. You have_an inch this winter. 

4. Mushrooms are_in damp soil. 


hide, hid, hidden 

1. The boys_in the orchard yesterday. 

2. The boats were_:__under the bushes. 

3. Where did the hen_her nest? 

4. Who.__my gloves? 


















79 


shake, shook, shaken 

1. I_hands with the president. 

2. Take the rug out and__it, please. 


3. The wind has___ _the apples down. 

4. The wet dog_himself. 

sing, sang, sung 

1. The robins_____in the rain. 

2. “America’" was_by the school. 

3. The songs were_well. 

4. She____ _for us last evening. 

steal, stole, stolen 

1. The money was_from the desk. 

2. The dog-- ... _the meat from the kitchen. 

3. The melons were_--by some boys. 


4. A good man does not 


swim, swam, swum 

1 . I_and dive. 

2. Grace_a race with Jane. 

3. I have_across the river. 

4. Races were.. ---by the campers. 

O’B II p. 85 
















80 


How to Use Some Common Words. No. Ill 


1 

2 


3 

Present 

Past 


Perfect Participle 

Today 

Yesterday 


Used with Helping Words 

1. bring 

brought 


brought 

2. buy 

bought 


bought 

3. catch 

caught 


caught 

4. dig 

dug 


dug 

5. fight 

fought 

HelDinfir Words fought 

6. find 

found 


found 

7. hear 

heard 

is 

heard 

8. hold 

held 

are 

was 

held 

9. keep 

kept 

were 

kept 

10. leave 

left 

have 

left 

11. lose 

lost 

had- 
has 
can be 

lost 

12. make 

made 

made 

13. meet 

met 

will be 

met 

14. pay 

paid 

may be 

paid 

15. say 

16. sell 

said 

sold 

shall be 
has been 
had been 

said 

sold 

17. send 

sent 

shall have 

sent 

18. sit 

sat 

will have 

sat 

19. sleep 

slept 

should be # 

pnnld hp 

slept 

20. stand 

stood 

LUUlu uc 

must be 

stood 

21. stick 

stuck 

might be 

stuck 

22. strike 

struck 

struck 

23. sweep 

swept 


swept 

24. teach 

taught 


taught 

25. win 

won 


won 


Perhaps you have noticed that the common words you 
studied in lessons I and II have been one kind, words that 
name something to do. We say these words are used as 
verbs and we call them verbs. There are always these three 
parts to every verb: Present, past and perfect participle. If 
we know these three parts we can use the verb correctly. 

There are some more helping words that are added to the 
perfect participle column. Please read them over. 


81 


Next look at the past and perfect participle of each verb. 
Do you see that they are just alike? Were they alike in 
lessons I and II? 


Fill in these blanks: 

1. Four chairs were_into the room. 

2. I have__my groceries there for years. 

3. Trout may be_in mountain streams. 

4. A basement w^ll be_under our house. 

5. My grandfather_in the Civil war. 

6. My pocketbook must be_today. 

7. A lion has been_in the valley. 

8. Our train was_up by the rain. 

9. We_to the right on the street. 

10. Where have you___your wraps? 

11. The campers were_in the woods. 

12. A pie could be_of these berries. 

13. The sisters were_at the train by their father. 

14. Three dollars had been_to the workman 

already. 

15. 1 have_this many times. 

16. The store has been_to the company across 

the street 

17. Large amounts of money should be-by bank 

draft. 

18. I have_in the front row four times. 

19. He has_out of doors all summer. 

20. A statue of Lincoln has-in the hall a long 

time. . 

21. The pages are_together. 

22. This floor must be-right away. 

23. The automobile was-by the east-bound train. 

24. The class was_by Mr. Brown. 

25. The race was_by our boat club. 

O’BII p. 89 



























82 

How to Use Some Common Words. No. IV 

VERBS 

Present Past Perfect Participle 

come came come 

run ran run 

These two verbs come and run have the present tense 
form and the perfect participle form spelled alike. These 
two verbs are the only common verbs which do this. 


Fill out these blanks:* 
come, came, come 

1. I_to school three nights a week. 

2. We_to school yesterday. 

3. She has_to see the principal. 

4. They had_to the city to hear the concert. 

run, ran, run 

1. The man_to the car line. 

2. I shall_down the hill. 

3. This machine will be_by an expert. 

4. He has_in many races. 

Here is a verb that has its three parts spelled alike but 
pronounced differently: 

Present Past Perfect Participle 

read read read 

This is the only common verb that does this. 

Fill these blanks: 

1. I shall_this book today. 

2. I___a magazine yesterday. 

3. A book was_to the children by their mother. 


4. We came to hear the class 














83 


Here are some verbs that have all these parts spelled 
alike. Read them over: 


Present 

Past 

Perfect Par 

1. burst 

burst 

burst 

2. cost 

cost 

cost 

3. cut 

cut 

cut 

4. hit 

hit 

hit 

5. hurt 

hurt 

hurt 

6. let 

let 

let 

7. put 

put 

put 

8. quit 

quit 

quit 

9. rid 

rid 

rid 

10. shut 

shut 

shut 

11. split 

split 

split 

12. spread 

spread 

spread 


Fill in these blanks: 

1. The rosebuds_into blossom. 


The rosebuds have__into blossom. 

2. The house must have___him $8000. 

What is the_of these shoes? 

3. Mr. Olson_the grass on his lawn. 

I have_my finger. 

4. The wagon was_by the street car. 

The boy_the house with a snow ball. 

5. He_himself on a sharp stone. 

The flowers ^ere_by the frost. 

6. He will_me go with you. ■ 

_me do this for you. 

7. I_a chair by the fire for him. 

Where have you_my magazine? 

8. I_working yesterday. 

He has_making furniture. 




















84 

9. I hope we are now_of the mosquitoes. 


We_the yard of dandelions by digging 

them up. 

10. Please,_the door. 

He has_and locked all the windows. 

11. The wood is_for the fireplace. 

The voters_the ticket. 

12. _some butter on my bread, please. 

The oil has_all over the lake. 

O’B II p. 89 


The Municipal Court 

John Wilson was speeding on Superior street. He was 
going twenty-five miles an hour. The city ordinance states 
that the speed limit is ten miles an hour. John Wilson did 
not obey the city ordinance. He was arrested by a police 
officer. He must appear in municipal court. 

Frank Bane was arrested by a police officer because he 
was drunk. He was taken to the city jail. The next morn¬ 
ing he had to appear in municipal court. 

The municipal or city court hears small criminal cases, 
as violations of traffic rules, disorderly conduct, and thefts of 
small value. They also try small civil cases. 

The municipal court has jurisdiction over all criminal 
cases, punishment for which does not exceed one hundred 
dollars fine or three months imprisonment. It has the juris¬ 
diction over all civil cases where the amount involved does 
not exceed five hundred dollars. ♦ 

Duluth has two municipal judges and one assistant mu¬ 
nicipal judge. They are elected by the people for a term of 
four years. 

Municipal court is held every morning in the municipal 
courtroom near the city hall, and in the municipal courtroom 
at West Duluth whenever necessary. 

O’B II p. 90 
M. & C. p. 83-86 
Plass p. 21 










The State Courts 


The person who brings suit against another is called the 
plaintiff. The person against whom the suit is brought is 
called the defendant. 

A civil case may be tried by the judge alone or by the 
judge and the jury. 

If a crime has been committed, the state is the plaintiff. 
The accused person is arrested. He cannot be put on trial 
unless the grand jury finds an indictment against him. The 
grand jury is a body of men not less than sixteen nor more 
than twenty-three in number. This jury investigates a case. 
If the majority of the grand jury believe that the accused 
person should be held for trial, it returns an indictment 
against him. Until the trial is ended, the accused person is 
held in jail unless he can give bond or furnish bail. A bond 
or bail is given as security that he will appear for trial. 

The petit or trial jury consists of twelve men who try 
any civil or criminal case. The petit jury in a criminal case 
declares a person either guilty or not guilty. The verdict of 
this jury must be unanimous. If the verdict of this jury is 
“not guilty,” the prisoner is discharged. If the prisoner is 
found guilty, the judge determines what the sentence shall 
be. The defendant’s attorney may take the case to a higher 
court 

The state has three kinds of courts: The probate court, 
the state district court, and the state supreme court. 

The probate court administers the estates of deceased 
and insane persons, and others who are incompetent toman- 
ago their own affairs. It decides who shall receive the prop¬ 
erty left by those who die, construes their wills, and has 
general control over their estates. It decides whether a 
person is insane or not. It appoints guardians for the child¬ 
ren of dead or insane persons and manages their property. 

The state district court has jurisdiction over all criminal 
cases within its district when the punishment may exceed 
a fine of one hundred dollars or three months imprisonment. 
It has jurisdiction over all civil cases. Appeals may be made 
to this court from the municipal and probate courts and from 
the justices of peace. Appeals may also be made to this 
court from certain decisions of boards of health, factory 


86 


inspectors, fire marshals, boards of county commissioners 
and others. 

The State of Minnesota is divided into nineteen judicial 
districts. Each is composed of one or more counties. Our 
district is number eleven and is composed of St. Louis, Lake, 
Cook, and Carlton counties. 

Each judicial district has a district court with one or 
more judges elected by the people for a term of six years. 
Our district has six judges. The court is held at different 
places in the district. 

The district court in Duluth holds its sessions at the 
courthouse the first Wednesday in January, March, May, 
September, and November and continues in session until the 
work is completed. In Virginia, Hibbing, Ely, Carlton, 
Grand Marais, and Two Harbors, court is held at different 
times. 

The state supreme court is the highest state court. Cases 
of importance are often carried to the,state supreme court 
for the final decision. This court also makes the final deci¬ 
sion whether laws passed by the state legislature are in 
accordance with the state constitution. 

The state supreme court meets at the capitol building in 
St Paul. Two terms of court are held each year. The first 
term begins the first Tuesday in April and the second term 
the first Tuesday in October. 

The state supreme court is composed of one chief justice 
and four associate justices. The judges are elected by the 
people and hold their office for a term of six years; _ 

-----is the 

chief justice. 

O’B II p. 90 
M&Cp. 83 
Plass p. 40-42 


War Savings Stamps 

During the war with Germany, the United States needed 
a great deal of money to pay the soldiers, to buy food and 
clothing for them, and to purchase the rifles, cannon, ammu¬ 
nition, gas masks, aeroplanes, automobiles, and horses neces¬ 
sary for our army. Some of this money was raised by taxa- 



87 


tion, some was borrowed from the people of the United 
States. For this borrowed money, the United States gave 
the people Liberty bonds and War Savings stamps. The 
United States sold War Savings stamps to the value of 
$1,091,017,006.20 in the entire country. In Duluth $1,881,462.23 
worth of stamps were sold by the post office. War Savings 
stamps were sold by boys and girls, Boy Scouts, men, and 
women. They were sold in stores, schools, banks, Sunday 
schools, and factories. 

War Savings stamps were sold in January, 1919, for 84.12 
and in February for $4.13. The stamps cost one cent more 
each month. The government also sold small stamps called 
“Thrift Stamps’’ for 25 cents each. For $4.00 worth of these 
stamps and 12 cents, one could get a large War Savings 
stamp in January. In April 84.00 worth of Thrift stamps 
and 15 cents were necessary to buy a W. S. S. Many boys 
and girls saved their pennies and bought Thrift stamps first 
and then bought W. S. S. later. This made saving money 
very easy. 

The War Savings stamps are being sold at the following 


prices now (1921): 
January 

_84.12 

July .. - 

___$4.18 

February 

_4.13 

August 

_4.19 

March _ _ 

_4.14 

September 

_4.20 

ApriL 

__4.15 

October 

_4.21 

May 

_416 

November 

_4.22 

June 

_4.17 

December ... 

_4.23 


These stamps will be redeemed in 1926 for 85.00 each. 
Stamps were sold in 1918 for the same prices. These 
stamps will be redeemed in 1923 for 85.00 also. 


Arithmetic 

1. How many years does the United States keep the 
money? 

2. If I buy a stamp in January, 1918, and cash it in 1923, 
how much more do I receive than I paid? 

This is called interest. Interest on these stamps is about 

4 °fr. 














88 


3. I purchased the following stamps during 1918:— 
January, 2 W. S. S. 

February, 3 

August 3 

September 2 

October 1 

December 5 


How much did I pay for all of them? When may I 
them? How much will I receive when I cash them? 
much interest will I receive then? 


cash 

How 


4. The sales of War Savings stamps and Thrift stamps 
in the Duluth post office were as follows:— 

1918 81,646,646.03 

1919 205,514.75 

Jan. 1—Apr. 30, 1920 29,298.45 

How much money did the post office receive from the 
sale of War Savings stamps and Thrift stamps? 


5. Anyone who wishes the money may cash his W. S. S. 
at any time, but of course, he will not receive $5.00 for each 
one. If he waits until the stamps are five years old, he will 
receive $5.00 for each of them. The Duluth post office 
redeemed stamps as follows:— 

1918 8 43,690.44 

1919 258,065.14 

Jan. 1—Apr. 30, 1920 99,560.14 

How much money did the post office pay out for these 
stamps? Upon April 30, 1920, what was the total amount of 
money invested in W. S. S. in Duluth? 


6. How many Thrift stamps are required to make $4.00 
worth? 


7. I have 7 Thrift stamps. How much money do I need 
in June to buy a W. S. S? 


O’B II p. 93 


89 


Liberty Bonds 


The United States government sold liberty bonds to the 
people and used the money in the war against Germany. 
Some bonds were sold for $50.00, some for $100.00, some for 
$500.00, and some for $1000.00. Many men and women 
bought the $50.00 and $100.00 bonds. Some rich people and 
companies bought hundreds of the $1000.00 bonds. Each 
person bought as many bonds as he could because the gov¬ 
ernment needed the money. Even boys and girls bought 
$50.00 bonds. 

The interest on the first bonds was 3 \°Io. Later 4 \°jo was 
given for the use of the money and the last bonds pay 4J% 
interest. 

These bonds were sold at five different times. The fol¬ 
lowing amounts were secured by this means: 


First Liberty Bonds 
Second “ 

Third 

Fourth “ 

Fifth 


$1,984,796,500.00 

3,566,456,600.00 

3,958,552,700.00 

6,794,504,587.00 

3,467,844,971.77 


It was considered a very patriotic duty to purchase Lib¬ 
erty bonds. But many people who bought bonds were not 
able to keep them. Some needed food or clothing or a new 
house. So they sold their bonds. Others sold their bonds 
and spent the money foolishly. So many people sold their 
bonds that bonds became cheap. Below are some of the prices 
paid for these bonds in New York City. 

June 2d June 14th 


First Issue $100.00 Bonds $87.14 $85.70 

Second “ “ “ 86.10 85.02 

Third “ “ “ 89.90 88.74 

Fourth “ “ “ 86.40 85.44 

Fifth “ “ “ 95.70 96.00 

These prices are low partly because so many people wish 
to sell their bonds. Liberty bonds will be sold for $100.00 or 
even $102.00 or $105.00 for each $100.00 bond. We know this 
to be true because government bonds sold during the Civil 
war, bearing 3% and 4% interest, were afterwards worth 
$101.00 and $102.00 for each $100.00 bond. If possible, one 


90 


should keep his liberty bonds and even buy more at present 
prices. 

. Liberty bonds pay good interest (4Jand4f%). They 
are safe. The United States, the richest country in the 
world, has promised to pay these bonds. Each $100.00 bond 
will be redeemed for $100.00 when it is due. 


Arithmetic Problems 

1. How much money did the United States secure from all 

issues of Liberty bonds? 

2. How much money did the United States receive from the 

first and second issues? 

3. From the third and fourth issues? 

4. From the first and fifth issues? 

5. Which is the largest issue? How much larger is this than 

the drst issue? The fifth issue? 

6. If I paid $100.00 for a bond of the second issue and sold 

it June 2, how much money did I receive? How 
much did I lose? 

7. If I paid $50.00 for a bond of the fifth issue and sold it 

on June 14; how much would I lose? 

8. How much interest do I receive each year on a $100.00 

bond paying 41 %? Interest is paid every half year. 
How much do I receive every half year? 

9. I have a $100.00 Liberty bond and receive the interest at 

41% on June 15 for one-half year. How much money 
must I add to this interest to buy a W.S.S.? (See les¬ 
son on War Saving stamps.) 

These Liberty bonds will be redeemed at par at various 
times. Below is a list of these times. 

First Issue_1932-1947 

Second “ 1927-1942 

Third " _ 1928- 

Fourth “ _1933-1938 

Fifth " _1922-1923 

This means that bonds of the first issue may be redeemed 
by the United States government at face value during 
the years between 1932 and 1947. 







91 


10. I purchased a $100.00 bond of the third issue June 14, 
1920, and kept it until 1928 : when it was redeemed for 
its face value. 

How much interest did I receive during these years? 
How much did I pay for the bond? 

How much did I make on this bond besides the interest? 
How much did I make in all? 

Was this a good investment? 

O’B II p. 93 


Taxes 

Taxes are collected for the purpose of paying the ex¬ 
penses of the government. Every city, county and state 
must have money to carry on the government. The people 
levy their own taxes through their representatives. The 
most important taxes levied are the personal property and 
real estate taxes. The real estate consists of lands and build¬ 
ings. The personal property includes merchandise, machin¬ 
ery, household goods, live stock, and such movable property. 
A special tax is placed on money, notes, accounts receivable, 
stocks, bonds, and mortgages, which is called the “Money 
and Credits tax.” People pay taxes according to the value of 
their property. A person called the assessor inspects the 
property of each person and asseses its value. He makes his 
report to the county auditor. 

The personal property is assessed every year. The real 
estate is assessed every two years. The assessed valuation 
of the real estate in Duluth is thirty-five per cent of its 
actual value. 

The City Council levies the tax for the city; the Board 
of Education levies the school tax; the County Commission¬ 
ers levy the county tax, and the legislature levies the tax for 
the state. A report of the tax levies of the city, school 
district, county, and state must be certified to the county 
auditor some time in October. By the tax levy is meant 
fixing the amount of money needed for the year. 


92 


The county auditor, knowing the assessed valuation and 
the amount of money desired by the city, school district, 
county and state, figures up the total tax rate that must be 
collected on each dollar of property to secure the necessary 
money and multiplies it by the assessed value of property 
each one owns to determine how much each shall pay. The 
county treasurer receives this list from the auditor. The 
people must go to the county treasurer to find out about their 
taxes. Last year, Duluth’s tax rate was 53 mills on the 
dollar. 

A property owner pays his entire taxes to the county 
treasurer. The county treasurer distributes the money to 
the city, school district, county, and state. He does this 
three times a year, the last day of February, May, and October. 

All taxes are due the first Monday of January each year. 
Half of the real estate tax may be paid by June 1st and the 
other half before November 1st. Personal property tax must 
be paid before March 1st. Taxes that are not paid on time 
become delinquent, then a penalty of five to fifteen per cent 
is added. 

Churches, schools, and public buildings are exempt from 
taxation. Personal property to the value of one hundred 
dollars is also exempt. 

Most of the money from which the city, county, and 
state bills are paid is received from the tax on property. The 
city and county also receives money from licenses, fees, and 
fines. 

The state has several other sources of income. It has 
state land which it leases or sells. Its income from leased 
mineral lands is called royalties. This money is used for 
educational purposes. The state receives earnings from the 
state institutions. The inheritance tax is a comparatively 
new form' of taxation. Inheritances of $10,000 and less are 
exempt. Inheritances of more than $10,000 and less than 
$50,000 pay at the rate of one and one-half percent and so 
on. The tax is fixed according to the amount inherited and 
the relationship of the heir to the decedent. The collecting 
is done by the county treasurer and the money is paid by 
him into the state treasury. The “gross earnings” tax yields 
a large part of the state’s income. This is a tax on the entire 


93 


earnings of the railroad, telephone, and telegraph companies. 
The largest amount is paid by the railroads. 

It is not easy to secure a perfectly just assessment. One 
man's property may be assessed too high and another man’s 
too low. In order to correct this, there are boards of equal¬ 
ization for the city and county. In tie state this board is 
called the “tax commission.” Complaints of unfair assess¬ 
ments may be made to these boards. The city board of 
equalization meets on the third Monday in July. 

O’B II p. 93 
M & C p. 86-89 
Plass p. 15 


The Comma 

We know when to use the period and the question mark 
but the comma has so many uses that it needs a lesson to 
itself. 

1. The name of a person spoken to is set off by commas. 

a. Mary, please come here. 

b. I wish, Mary, you would read to me. 

2. A direct quotation is set off by commas. 

a. James said, “I shall do it now.” 

b. James said, “I have looked everywhere,” but 

he hadn’t. 

3. Parts of dates or addresses are set off by commas. 

a. Duluth, Minn., Sept. 20, 1920. 


4. Yes or JYo when part of answer. 

a. I would rather say, “Yes, I will” than 

can’t.” 

b. No, the mill is not running. 


‘No, I 


5. We set off each word in series by a comma if the conjunc¬ 
tion is omitted. 

a. We bought sugar, coffee, tea, salt and pepper. 


6. Words in apposition or put in to explain are set off by 

commas. 

a. We, the people of the United States, do ordain 

and establish this constitution. 

b. Mr. Harding, our president, was editor of a 

a newspaper in Ohio. 

7. When part of sentence seems to be distinct from the rest 

of the sentence, we set it off by a comma. 

a. She, hearing the noise, ran to the window. 

b. The rain, coming suddenly, drenched the crowd. 

c. It was money, of course, that he wanted. 

8. Put a comma where it is necessary to make the meaning 

clear. 

a. Just as I awoke, the dogs barked. 


Put commas in the right places in these sentences: 

1. My grandmother Mrs. Carson lived to be ninety years old. 

2. There were roses pansies daisies and sweet peas in her 

garden. 

3. I said “No it is not my letter” to the postman. 

4. I was there April 25 1890. 

5. My address is Denver Colo. 

6. Jumping in quickly he saved the life of the child. 

7. Open the door John. 

O’B II p. 97 


Important Local Ordinances 

SPEEDING 

No person shall drive a vehicle on the streets of the city 
of Duluth at an unreasonable rate of speed. In the congested 
districts the speed limit is ten miles an hour. In the other 
parts of Duluth the speed limit is fifteen miles an hour. In 
the state the limit is twenty-five miles an hour. 

GARBAGE 

It is unlawful for any person in the city of Duluth to 
permit the accumulation of garbage, offal, rags, soiled paper, 


95 


tin cans, old shoes, rubbers, ashes, or any kind of filth or de¬ 
caying matter to exist upon his property or the property he 
has control of. 

It is the duty of the health department to see that this 
ordinance is carried out. If the ordinance is not carried out, 
the health department will send a notice to the lawbreaker. 
He must then remove the garbage within twenty-four hours 
alter he receives the notice. 


BICYCLES ON SIDEWALKS 


It is unlawful for any person to ride a bicycle on the 
sidewalk within the limits of the city of Duluth. 


DRUNKENNESS 



It is unlawful to be in a state of drunkenness. 

Those who violate the above ordinance are also violating 
the 18th Amendment of the Constitution of the United 
States. 

XVIII. The Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors. 

1. After one year from the ratification of this article the 
manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors 
within, the importation thereof into, or the transportation 
thereof from the United States and all territory subject to 
the jurisdiction thereof, for beverage purposes, is hereby 
prohibited. 

2. The Congress and the several states have the concur¬ 
rent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 
•Effective January 16, 1920. 


EXPECTORATION 




No person shall spit upon the floor or stairway or any part 
of any public hall or building in the city of Duluth. No person 
shall spit upon the sidewalk or any public street, or upon the 
floor of any public street car, or upon the cock deck or plat¬ 
form of any ferry boat. 

Any one who violates this ordinance is subject to the 
fine of not more than one hundred dollars ($100.00) or ninety 
days imprisonment* 

O’B II p. 98 
M & C p. 76-80 
Plass p. 20 


96 


St. Louis County Officers 

Duluth is the county seat of St. Louis county. The court 
house is located at Fifth avenue west and Second street. The 
county officials have their offices at the court house. 

The most important officials are the county commission¬ 
ers. They are elected for four years. They have general 
charge of the business of the county. They levy the taxes 
for county purposes, build bridges and roads, look after the 
poor, and have general supervision of the Work Farm, Poor 
Farm, Nopeming Sanatorium, and the county buildings. The 
county board divides the county into school districts and 
levies the county tax. The commissioners hold regular meet¬ 
ings in January and in July and special meetings every month. 


_are the commissioners. 

The county auditor, Mr- v -, 

has more duties than any other county official. He is the 
bookkeeper of the county. He is a check upon the treasurer, 
for he must sign all orders before they can be paid. 

The treasurer has charge of the money. He receives the 
taxes levied by the city, school district, county and state and 
distributes them. His accounts are examined three times a 

year. The treasurer is__,_ 

The register of deeds keeps a record of all the transfers 
of real estate in the county, automobile licenses and other 
papers affecting titles. He records deeds and mortgages. 

Mr____ 

is the register of deeds. 

The sheriff represents the executive power of the state 
within the county. His duty is to keep peace within the 
county. In order to do this, he may call upon such persons 
as he thinks necessary to aid him. He also has a number of 










97 


deputies to help him in his work. The sheriff has charge of 
the county jail. He takes criminals to the reformatory and 
state prison, and insane persons to hospitals and asylums. 

Mr_____1_ 

is the sheriff. 

The county attorney, Mr._____ 

is the lawyer of the county. He is a legal advisor to the 
county commissioners and other county officials. He prose¬ 
cutes all criminals who commit offenses in this county. Each 
year he sends a report of the criminal cases tried in the 
county to the attorney general of the state. 

The county superintendent of schools looks after the 
schools in the county, particularly in the country districts. 
He visits the schools, examines and licenses teachers. Mr. 

__:_is the 

county superintendent. 

The coroner, Mr.__--- 

holds inquests over the bodies of persons who have come to 
death mysteriously or by violence.. He is aided by a jury ot 
six men. 

The court commissioner has certain judicial duties to 
perform when court is not in session in his county. He taxes 

the place of the judge in some cases. Mr- 


___is the court 

commissioner. 

The clerk of the district court attends all sessions of the 
court and keeps a record of the proceedings. Mr- 


is the clerk. 










98 

The county surveyor, Mr.------^ 

_surveys the land within the 

county. He keeps a record of the surveys made. 

Mr.___is 

the judge of the probate court. He has to do with estates, 
wills, guardianship over children, and examination of insane 
persons. 

All county officials are elected for a term of four years 
except the probate judge. He is elected for a term of two 
years. 



O’B II p. 98 
M & C p. 72-73 
Plass p 42 


COUNTY COURT HOUSE 






















99 


Open Air Schools 

To be strong, healthy children, it is necessary to have 
good food and plenty of fresh air during waking and sleeping 
hours. It is also necessary that they have sufficient rest 
and exercise, frequent baths and changes of clothing. 

The welfare of the child is the object of concern to the 
teacher, and every good citizen of the community. The 
school boards have provided for this need. Open air or open 
window rooms have been placed in schools of many cities. 

In Duluth, these open air rooms are located in the Bry¬ 
ant, Jefferson, Fairmount, Grant and Lakeside buildings. 

At the beginning of the year, children who show signs 
of being under nourished are carefully examined and their 
condition noted by the school physician. Such children as 
are recommended by him, enter the open air room; the num¬ 
ber being limited to fifteen. The number is small because 
the work in at least three full grades must be taught. 

In such schools the windows are kept open all seasons 
of the year during the school hours. The temperature of the 
room is kept between fifty-two and fifty-eight degrees. To 
keep it at this temperature during the coldest weather it is 
necessary to heat the room to some extent. However, the 
children are clothed in the proper manner when the cold 
weather arrives. Each child is furnished with a full woolen 
suit consisting of pants and jacket, a sleeping bag, two 
woolen blankets, cap. gloves, wool lined moccasins and a hot 
water bottle. The last two named are used only in extreme 

cold weather. . , ,, 

Twice a day lunches are served. The menus for these 
lunches are especially arranged by food experts called diet¬ 
itians. They are planned to give the child the much needed 
nourishment. They are prepared and served by the teacher 
in charge of the room. Some of the foods served are boiled 
rice, breakfast foods, baked apples, bread and butter, prunes, 
soups, custards, bread and milk, and puddings of many Kinds. 

During the rest period each child wraps himself in his 
sleeping bag and retires to his cot. He covers himself up 
snugly with his blankets. Some sleep and some do not but 
each one comes back to his classes wonderfully refreshed. 

As it is exceedingly necessary for the home to be clean 


100 


and well ventilated, so it is just as necessary to have the 
body as clean and well ventilated. The ventilation of the 
body goes on through the pores of the skin. When these 
pores become clogged with dust and dirt, the skin refuses to 
perform its duty. Therefore, the necessity of frequent bath¬ 
ing and changes of clothing is quite plain. 

In all of the classes the child is taught how to take care 
of himself mentally and physically. But in these open win¬ 
dow or fresh air schools, this teaching is put into actual prac¬ 
tice. 

At the end of the school year, with a few exceptions, 
these children show better physical conditions. Better phys¬ 
ical conditions mean better mental conditions. They show, 
also, a gain in weight, more activity in things they do and 
say, and a happier outlook on life. 

There is a certain effect, too, on the homes of these open 
air children. They carry home and try to work out in their 
own way the ideas and manner of doing things they have 
learned in school. Good habits well formed last a lifetime. 

O’B II p. 107 
M & C p. 99-101 
Plass p. 12-13 


Two Noted American Women 

Susan B. Anthony gave fifty years of her life to helping 
others. Her name was recently placed in the Hall of Fame 
in New York. 

At first she was a school teacher. She studied life and 
education very carefully. She found that men and women 
had been victims of wrong beliefs and wrong customs for 
many years because they had thought that women were not 
the equal of men in intelligence. She discovered, through 
her study, that men and women are equal, different from 
each other, with different work to do but neither one better 
nor more intelligent than the other. Miss Anthony has been 
upheld in the truth of this by modern experiments of scien¬ 
tists who have found that the intelligence of men and women 
is equal in quality but different in kind. Men and women 


101 


were made to help each other and to be equal. When Miss 
Anthony made this discovery she vowed to spend the rest of 
her life in telling it to others. 

She appeared at educational meetings, and in the begin¬ 
ning talked only for temperance and against slavery, but 
after a while she began to talk about freedom for women. 
Then she began to see that women could never be free and 
equal with men, until they had the right to vote. Because men 
and women are governed by the same laws, both should 
help to make those laws. So she talked and worked for 
woman suffrage. 

Many people laughed at her and said unkind things 
about her but she did not care. Nothing could stop her. Be¬ 
cause she was teaching the truth, it grew, until at last every 
country in the world was thinking and talking about the 
subject of equal rights for women. 

Miss Anthony was president of the National American 
Woman Suffrage association for many years. When she died, 
she was mourned by great men and women all over the 
world who had become her friends. In February of 1920, a big 
convention was held in Chicago to celebrate the hundredth 
anniversary of her birth. 

During her long and wonderful life, she worked for tem¬ 
perance, co-education, freedom of slaves, civil and political 
rights for women, equal guardianship of mothers, equal pay 
and equal rights for women in industry. 

She was closely connected with three great amendments 
of the Constitution of the United States; the ones for slavery 
temperance, and woman suffrage, and she has the unueual 
honor of having one of the amendments named for her. The 
nineteenth amendment on woman suffrage will always be 
known as the Susan B. Anthony amendment. 

The Smithsonian institue at Washington has honored 
Miss Anthony by giving over an entire corner of the institute 
to a permanent exhibition, and it is labeled. An Important 
Epoch in American History.” In this exhibit is a picture of 
Miss Anthony and some of her personal belongings, and the 
round mahogany table upon which the woman s bill of rights 
was written at the first suffrage convention m the world in 
1848. 


102 


In 1920, there were over one hundred million women in 
the world who could vote. There were thirty-three countries 
in the world where women had been granted full suffrage: 
Australia, Austria, Belgium, British East Africa, British 
East India, Canada, Crimea, Czecho-Slovakia, Denmark, Eng¬ 
land, Esthonia, Finland, Germany, Holland, Hungary, Iceland, 
Ireland, Isle of Man, Lettonia, Luxembourg, New Zeland, 
Norway, Poland, Rhodesia, Roumania, Russia, Scotland, Ser¬ 
bia, Sweden, Lithuania, Ukrania, Uruguay, and Wales. 

In our own country the Nineteenth Amendment was rati¬ 
fied in 1920. This makes all women in the United States free 
to vote. It is now the duty of every woman to make herself 
a good and intelligent citizen. 


Frances Elizabeth Willard was born in New York, 1839. 
Taught in school and college until 1874. Entered temperance 
work in Chicago, 1874. Became president National Woman’s 
Christian Temperance Union, 1879. President World’s 
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 1888, Died, 1899. 

From childhood, Miss Willard wanted to do something in 
the world to make men and women better and happier. She 
studied art and literature. She was a fine teacher. Her 
pupils loved her. 

Then the temperance crusade swept over the land. 
Groups of women marched through the streets, singing and 
praying. They asked that all saloons might be closed, and 
that men should stop drinking. Miss Willard became inter¬ 
ested. She became a crusader. 

She soon began to teach prohibition in her classes. Soon 
she began to make public speeches. Then she gave up her 
school work. She received two offers: one was to .become 
the head of an important school in New York at a large sal¬ 
ary, the other was to take charge of the Chicago branch of 
the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in Chicago at no 
salary at all. She accepted the second offer. 

All the rest of her life was given to the cause of temper¬ 
ance. She believed that liquor brought sin and suffering to 
men and women. She visited nearly every city and 
large town in the United States. Sometimes she walked 
many miles because she had no car fare. She was a friend 
to the poor and to all who were unhappy. 



103 


Frances Willard was a great leader, a great organizer, 
and a great public speaker. The object of her work was to 
form a W. C. T. U. in every city and town in the world. 
With these watch words, “Prohibition, Woman’s Liberation, 
and Labor's Uplift”, the National Union, of which Miss Wil¬ 
lard was President, counted one million members. Their 
badge was a little piece of white ribbon. These “white rib¬ 
bon missionaries”, as they were called, marched up and down 
the streets, went into saloons and prayed, made public 
speeches, distributed leaflets and traveled over every country 
of the globe. At the time of Miss Willard’s death, the 
W. C. T. U. had been established in fifty nations. 

In the great hall of the Capitol at Washington, where 
each state is allowed to place two statues, Illinois has put a 
marble figure of Frances E. Willard. Her mission was to 
make the whole world homelike. She stood for God, for 
home, for native land. 

In the year 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment for prohib¬ 
ition became part of our Constitution. It declares that “the 
manufacturing, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors 

. . for beverage purposes, is hereby prohibited. No 

other constitutional amendment ever received such sweeping 
majorities. Within less than thirteen months, it had been 
ratified by the necessary thirty-six states. It took a century 
of earnest crusading to lead to this end. 

Liquor has caused more sorrow and death and property 
loss than all the wars in which this country has ever engaged. 

The president of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube com¬ 
pany, in an address to his twelve thousand employes,- said 
that national prohibition should save the people of this coun¬ 
try more than six billion dollars a year. 

The head of a great hotel syndicate in America, said that 
prohibition had been a blessing to the better class of hotels. 
The hotel is no longer a barroom, and a man can have all the 
comforts of home. 

The head of the United States Steel Corporation declares 
that prohibition has been a benefit. He says there are fewer 
people in prisons, poorhouses, and hospitals; and more savings 
in the banks. He says there are cleaner and healthier con¬ 
ditions in homes. 


104 


A late bulletin gives these figures: In Philadelphia the 
arrests fell over fifty per cent after prohibition. 

In Chicago, two criminal courts have been closed because 
there were no cases. 

In Peoria, there were only six inmates in the workhouse, 
where there use to be over two hundred. 

In East St. Louis there was not a prisoner in the city 
jail in March, 1920. 

In Hartford, Conn., the prisoners in jail under sentence 
fell from 197 to 57 after prohibition. 

In New Haven, the prisoners were reduced from 380 to 

82 

In Columbus, Ohio, there was not a single arrest during 
the week of March 20 to 27. 

In Duluth the daily average number of prisoners at the 
work farm was 165; now the daily average number is 16. 

In Detroit arrests fell from 19,309 to 6,248 after prohib¬ 
ition. 

In Buffalo, the arrests for drunkenness fell almost one- 
half. 

In San Francisco, the arrests fell over one-half. 

New York.City did away with its famous bowery bread 
line after prohibition. 

The Constitution, with its amendments, is the highest 
law of our land. It must be obeyed by every citizen. To 
break this law would be to break the Constitution. 

Ex-president Taft calls on all citizens of the United 
States not only to obey the law, but to do all in their power 
to help secure the necessary laws for enforcement. He says, 
“This is a democratic government, and the voice of the peo¬ 
ple, expressed through the machinery provided by the con¬ 
stitution for its expression, is supreme. Every loyal citizen 
must obey. This is the fundamental principle of free gov¬ 
ernment/’ 

O’B II p. 112 


Insurance 

John Peterson lived next door to me. He had a wife, 
Mary, and three children. He had a good job at the Wood¬ 
ruff Lumber Co. and got 85 cents per hour. So he had a good 


105 


house to live in and nice furniture. Mrs. Peterson bought 
good things to eat and always sent a good lunch to John at 
the factory. Mrs. Peterson had good clothes to wear and the 
children were nicely dressed. John made big wages, so they 
always had as much as they wanted, but did not save any¬ 
thing. 

One day John was hurt very badly at the mill and after 
two weeks he died. Mary did not know what to do. All 
their money was gone and she had to support her three chil¬ 
dren. So she worked wherever she could. Some days she 
helped a lady clean house. Another day she did sewing. 
Some days she did washing. She did not have as good 
clothes as when John was living and sometimes there was 
very little for the children to eat. 

Another neighbor worked at the National Iron Works. 
He made 87i cents an hour. He had a wife and four children 
to'support. He had a very good house and good things to 
eat but he saved a little money each pay day. He put some 
money in the bank and some he used to pay for his life insur¬ 
ance. One day he became ill with pneumonia and died after 
a few days. After his death, his wife had the life insurance 
money, $3,000.00. She paid the doctor’s bill and the funeral 
expenses, used the rest to secure a good education for busi¬ 
ness and then secured work in a bank. Now she has a good 
position and supports her children very easily.. She earns 
nearly as much as her husband did before he died. It is a 
very good thing to have life insurance. Life insurance pro¬ 
tects the wife and children from hunger and cold after you 


are dead. 

One insurance company sells life insurance at the rates 
shown in the first table on the following page. 

Insurance companies sometimes have a surplus at the end 
of the year’s work. This money they distribute to their pol- 
icy holders. This makes the real cost of the policy much 
lower These payments are called dividends. Sometimes 
when many deaths occur, the company cannot pay the divi¬ 
dend Since the two influenza epidemics, many companies 
have not paid the dividends. This same company pays the 
approximate dividends shown in the second table on the next 

page. 


ANNUAL PREMIUMS PER $1000 


LIFE AND LIMITED PAYMENT POLICIES 

AGE 

ENDOWMENT POLICIES 

Whole 

Life 

10 1 15 

payment 1 payment 

1 20 
Ipayment 

25 

payment 

15 

years 

j 20 

1 years 

1 25 

1 years 

$18.69 

$43.59132.96 $27.66 

$24.60 

20 

$67.83 

$48.93 

$38.13 

19.09 

44.26 

33.46 

28.08 

25.00! 

21 

67.90 

49.00 

38.21 

19.52 

44.98 

34.00 

28.54 

25.40 

22 

67.97 

49.08 

38.31 

19.95 

45.71 

34.57 

29.02 

25.83 

23 ! 

68.07 

49.18 

38.42 

20.40 

46.47 

35.15 

29.51 

26.28 

24 

68.15 

49.28 

38.52 

20.89 

47.26 

35.75 

30.02 

26.73 

25 

68.25 

49.37 

38.64 

21.41 

48.09 

36.37 

30.55 

27.21 

! 26 

68.34 

49.48 

38.78 

21.93 

48.95 

37.02 

31.10 

27.71 

27 

68.45 

49.60 

38.91 

22.50 

49.82 

37.69 

31.66 

28.24 

28 

68.56 

49.72 

39.05 

23.09 

50.73 

38.39 

32.26 

28.78 

29 

68.68 

49.85 

39.22 

23.72 

51.67 

39.10 

32.87 

29.35 

30 

68.80 

49.98 

39.39 

24.37 

52.65 

39.85 

33.52 

29.94 

i 31 

68.94 

50.14 

39.59 

25.07 

53.67 

40.64 

34.20 

30.56 

32 

69.09 

50.31 

39.81 

25.80 

54.72 

41.45 

34.90 

31.21 

33 

69.24 

50.49 

40.05 

26.58 

55.83 

42.30 

35.63 

31.90 

34 

69.42 

50.70 

40.31 

27.41 

57.01 

43.17! 

36.39 

32.61 

35 

69.60 

50.93 

40.60 

28.27 

58.13 

44.08 

37.19 

33.36 

36 

69.81 

51.18 

40.91 

29.14 

59.35 

45.03 

38.03 

34.16^ 

37 

70.05 

51.47 

41.28 

30.17 

60.62 

46.02 

38.90 

35.00 

38 

70.29 

51.77 

41.67 

31.20 

61.93 

47.061 

39.82 

35.88 

39 

70.56 

52.11 

42.11 

32.30 

63.30 

48.14 

40.79 

36.81 

40 

1 70.86 

52.49 

42.59 


ANNUAL DIVIDENDS PER $1000 


$5.20 

$5.98 

$5.68 

$5.42 

$5.50 

20 

$8.63 

! $6.92 $5.95 

5.29 

6.05 

5.74 

5.47 

5.57 

21 

8.66 

6.93 5.97 

5.87 

6.14 

5.82 

5.55 

5.64 

22 

8.67 

6.96 5.98 

5.45 

6.20 

5.89 

5.63 

6.72 

23 

! 8.71 

6.98 6.01 

5.54 

6.28 

5.97 

5.70 

5.80 

24 

8.74 

7.02 6.04 

5.63 

6.37 

6.05 

5.78 

5.88 

25 

1 8.77 

7.05 6.07 

5.74 

6.46 

6.13 

5.86 

5.96 

26 

8.80 

7.08, 6.11 

5.84 

6.57 

6.22 

5.95 

6.04 

27 

8.83 

7.12 6.14 

5.95 

6.65 

6.32 

6.03 

6.14 

28 

8.87 

7.15 6.18 

6.06 

6.76 

6.42 

6.12 

6.24 

29 

8.91 

7.19 6.24 

6.14 

6.82 

6.47 

6.18 

6.30 

30 

8.91 

7.19 6.24 

6.22 

6.89 

6.53 

6.23 

6.36 

31 

8.91 

7.21 6.24 

6.83 

6.98 

6.61 

6.31 

6.43 

32 

8.93 

7.21 6.26 

6.44 

7.05 

6.69 

6.39 

6.52 

33 

8.93 

7.23 6.29 

6.54 

7.14 

6.77 

6.46 

6.60 

34 

8.95 

7.25 6.31 

6.67 

7.22 

6.85 

6.55 

6.69 

35 

8.95 

7.27| 6.33 

6.80 

7.34 

6.95 

6.64 

6.78 

36 

9.00 

7.30 6.37 

6.90 

7.45 

7.04| 

6.73 

6.89 

37 

9.03 

7.34 6.40 

7.11 

7.57 

7.17 

6.85 

7.02 

38 

9.07 

7.39 6.47 

7.28 

7.69 

7.28 

6.98 

7.16 

39 

9.10 

7.43 6.52 

7.45 

7.83 

7.421 

7.11 

7.29 

40 

9.16 

7.50| 6.59 












































107 


1. If the premium for a 20-payment life policy at the age of 

25 years is $30.02 and the dividend is $5.78, what would 
be the net cost per year of a policy for $1000.00? 

2. John Peterson took out a 25-payment life policy for $1000 

at the age of 28 years. What is his annual premium? 
Dividend? Net cost? 

3. At the age of 27 years, what will be the net cost of a 

$1000.00 endowment policy for 20 years? 

4. What will be the annual net cost of a $5000 endowment 

policy for 15 years, taken at the age of 32 years? 

5. How much will be the total net cost of this policy for the 

15 years? 

6. If John Peterson, in problem 2, dies at the age of 39 years, 

how much will he have paid to the company? How 
much will his widow receive in all? How much more 
does she receive than her husband paid the company? 

7. John Anderson, age 24, bought a $4000.00 endowment 

policy payable in 20 years. What annual premium 
must he pay? Hotv much will he pay in the 20 years? 
How much will he receive in return? How much is the 
annual dividend on this policy? 

8. Gust Johnson, age 40 years, took out a life policy for 

$6000.00 payable in 20 payments. What is his annual 
premium? If he should die after paying 16 payments, 
how much would his widow receive? Does he have to 
make any more payments after he is 60 years old? 

9. If Gust Johnson had taken a whole-life policy, what would 

his annual premium have been? 

10. Make up a problem in insurance based on your age and 
the kind of policy you would like to have. It is not 
always best to count upon the dividends each year, for 
sometimes the company cannot pay them. Some com- 
panies pay larger dividends than others. All insurance 
companies are under very strict national and state 
laws Your money is safe in these companies because 
they keep a large sum of money to pay all death claims. 


108 


This is called the “legal reserve/ ’ Some fraternal 
societies do not keep any legal reserve. These societies 
are not as safe as those that have a legal reserve. 

Life insurance is so important that the United States 
urged every soldier to insure his life. The government 
sold this insurance very cheaply. Many soldiers have 
kept this insurance after leaving the army. 

FIRE INSURANCE 

Fire insurance is just as important as life insurance. 
You pay premiums upon the value of your house and receive 
a policy. Then if the house burns you will be paid for its 
value. 

1. The rate for a frame house with a shingle roof and post 

foundation is: 

$ .38 per $100 for 1 year 
.95 “ “ “ 3 “ 

. 1.52 “ “ “ 5 “ 

If two families live in this house the rates are: 

$ .42 per $100 for lwear 
1.05 “ “ “ 3 “ 

1.69 “ “ “ 5 “ 

You can also insure the furniture and linens in this 
house at the following rates: 

$ .44 per $100 for 1 year. 

1.10 “ “ “ 3 “ 

1.76 “ “ “ 5 “ 

And the household goods for these two families can be 
insured at these rates: 

$ .48 per $100 for 1 year. 

1.20 “ “ “ 3 “ 

1.92 “ “ “ 5 “ 

2. A frame house with a composition roof, stone foundation, 

and city water, with one family in it, can be insured 
at these rates: 

$ .28 per $100 for 1 year. 

.70 “ “ “ 3 “ 

1.12 “ “ “ 5 “ 


109 


The household goods in this house can be insured at: 

$' .34 per $100 for 1 year. 

.85 “ “ “ 3 “ 

1.36 “ “ “ 5 “ 

If there are two families in this house the rates will be: 
$ .32 per $100 for 1 year. 

.80 “ “ “ 3 “ 

1.28 “ “ “ 5 “ 

And the contents of this house, when two families live 
in it, can be insured at: 

$ .38 per $100 for 1 year. 

.95 “ “ “ 3 • “ 

1.52 “ “ “ 5 “ 


PROBLEMS: 

1. I have a frame house with a stone foundation, city water, 

and composition roof, valued at $2,500. What premium 
must I pay if I get a three-year policy? 

2. If there are two families in this house, what will it cost 

for a one-year policy? 

3. My household goods in this house are valued at $900. 

What will it cost to insure them for five years? 

4. If my house is frame, with shingle roof and post founda¬ 

tion and valued at $3,400, what must I pay for insur¬ 
ance for one year? 

5. If the household goods in this house are valued at $1,000, 

how much will it cost to insure them for a year? 

6. If two families live in a house that is frame construction, 

with a shingle roof and post foundation, valued at 
$4,000, what will it cost to insure this house for five 
years? 

7. What will it cost to insure the contents of this house, 

valued at $1,490, for three years? 


110 


8. I live in a house with a composition roof, stone foundation 

and city water, which is valued at $4,250. What will it 
cost to insure this house for five years? 

9. My furniture is worth $2,125. What will it cost to insure 

it for five years? 

10. I sold my house and moved the furniture into a similar 

house with two families living in it. How much will it 
cost to insure the furniture for five years now? 

11. James Wright lived in a frame house, with a shingle roof 

and post foundation, worth $8,925. What will the in¬ 
surance for three years cost? 

12. His household goods are worth $3,265. What will it cost 

to insure them for three years? 

There are many other kinds of insurance, such as marine 
insurance, hail insurance, plate glass insurance, automobile 
insurance, health insurance, and accident insurance. 

O’B II p. 115 


er and est 


1. This is a short line--- 

2. This is a shorter line--- 

3. This is the shortest line- 

When we look at the first two lines, we say that the 
second line is the shorter. 

When we look at all three lines, we say that the last 
line is the shortest. 

Look at these lines 

1. This is a long line- 

2. This is a longer line--- 

3. This is the longest line--- 

You see that when we are talking about two lines we 
put er on the end of the word; shorter, longer. 

You see that when we are talking about three lines we 
put est on the end of the word; shortest, longest. We 
always put est on the end of the word when we are talking 
about more than two things. 










A 1 - 

y 2. 


r- 


5. 

;/ 6 . 

; 8 . 
9. 

/ 10 . 
12 . 


13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 


Put the right words in the blanks: 
Remember er for two, est for more than two. 

tall, taller, tallest 

This man is_ 

He is____than his brother. 

John is the_boy in school. 

The flag pole is_than the maple tree. 

short, shorter, shortest 

My pencil is_than your pencil. 

Which of the four trains goes to St. Paul in the- 

_time? 

February is the_month of the year. 

The winter day was_ 

small, smaller, smallest 


Which is the_coin.of our American money? 

My house is_----- 

Jane was the_girl in her class. 

I wear a_sized shoe than this one. 

far, farther, farthest 

How.__is Cloquet from here? 

St. Paul is_from here than Cloquet. 

Chicago is_from here than St. Paul. 


San Francisco is the seaport. 



















112 

warm, warmer, warmest 

17. Monday was the_day of the year. 

18. Today is__ but yesterday was_ 

19. Our house is_ 

20. Minneapolis is_____in summer than Duluth. 


X 


high, higher, highest 


Y 


21. A mountain is_than a hill. 

22. He climbed to the top of the_tree in the 

orchard. 

23. The wireless tower was_than the church 

steeple. 

24. The store was five stories___ 


Here are some words we need to learn how to use. 


many, more, most 

25. James got the prize for earning the . 
money for the Red Cross. 


26. I found_shells by the lake. 

27. My friend found_shells than I did. 

28. Please give me some___words to spell. 


well, better, best 

29. I feel_today but I felt_*_yesterday. 

30. Where is the____place to get a good dinner? 


















113 


31. I like Mary_than Lilly. 

^32. She can cook-,_than her sister. 

little, less, least 


33. We had_rain last summer. 

34. The_number we ever had in the class 

was twelve. 

35. I will take_rent for the house if you will 

stay two years. 

36. Joe earned the__money in the shop. 

O’B II p. 118 


Our Schools 

One of the first things the fathers and mothers want to 
learn when they come to this country is where their children 
can go to school. They want their children to have a good 
education. The schools give them power to earn a living. 
They teach them to enjoy things in life. The schools train 
the children to be good citizens. 

In the United States the people make their own laws. 
They elect their own officers. In this way the people rule 
themselves. The people cannot rule themselves if they can¬ 
not read and write the same language. They cannot take 
part in the government. 

All children must go to school. It is the parent’s duty 
to send them. In Minnesota the children must go to school 
until they are sixteen years old or have completed the eighth 
grade. 

In Duluth we have grade schools and junior and senior 
high schools. In connection with our grade schools we have 
special classes which care for particular groups of children. 








114 


These are called the Deaf class, the Sight Saving class, the 
Corrective Speech class, the Open Air class, the Opportunity 
class, and the class for Crippled Children. 

In the deaf class, the children whose hearing is not 
right, are taught by teachers who have been specially pre¬ 
pared for the work. Because of their deafness, they must 
be very carefully watched, cared for, and trained. 

The children in the Sight Saving class are those who are 
not able to see well. They are given the regular class work, 
but their books are printed with large type and the other 
lessons are written in large letters on the blackboard by the 
teacher, so that they will not strain their eyes and lose what 
sight they have. These children have been examined by a 
doctor and some are under the care of a doctor while in this 
class. 

There are specially trained teachers in charge of the 
Corrective Speech class, where children who stammer, lisp, 
or have difficulty in pronouncing sounds are placed. These 
children are given special exercises and drills to help them 
overcome whatever difficulty they have. 

Children whose general health needs to be improved, 
those who have a tendency toward tuberculosis, or anaemia, 
or those who are very nervous, are cared for in the Open Air 
classes. They have plenty of fresh air while in school, and 
they have two rest periods during the day. The teacher pre¬ 
pares and serves a lunch to these children in the middle of 
the morning and afternoon. Each child is carefully weighed, 
measured and watched, and little by little his health im¬ 
proves. These children are given the regular class work and 
have the same training as the children in the ordinary classes. 

There are many children in our schools who cannot work 
as fast as some other children. These children are placed in 
Opportunity classes, where they are not expected to work 
any faster than they can. They are given special kinds of 
work which they can do well and are much happier than they 
would be if they were left with children who can work much 
faster than they. There are some boys and girls who can work 
very much faster than most children can. We hope soon to 
have Opportunity rooms where these boys and girls may 
learn as fast as they can and then they too will be happier. 

One of the latest classes to be opened in the schools is 


115 


that for Crippled Children, where those who are unable to 
move or work with their bodies as other children can, are 
gathered from their homes and taken to school in a comfort¬ 
able bus. They are given the regular class instruction as 
quickly as possible, and are taught some way of earning 
their living. They are under the constant care of a nurse or 
doctor, they are given corrective physical work, and life will 
be very different for them because they are having help 
while they are young. 

It is very fine to have schools which provide for so many 
different needs. Every parent whose child needs help from 
the special classes should see that he receives it. 

The people are taxed large sums of money to provide free 
public schools. The Board of Education is elected by the 
voters. This board has charge of the schools. It appoints 
the superintendent and the teachers. The superintendent of 

the Duluth schools is___ 

There are over six hundred teachers and thirty-six school 
buildings in our city. The total cost per year of running our 
schools is about one million, two hundred thousand dollars. 

Our public schools are for the children and the grown up 
people. They are not only a place for educating the young. 
They are a place where the whole community educates itself. 
The schools are also open in the evening for recreation and 
instruction. A school used in that way is called a "Social 
Center. ” Here they have clubs and classes. \ In some of the 
classes they teach the people to speak, read and write Eng¬ 
lish. This is a good place for the people who come to the 
United States to get acquainted with the language, customs 
and laws of their new home. Here they are taught what is 
expected of them as good American citizens. 

The evening schools in Duluth are not for foreigners 
alone. There are other rooms where reading, arithmetic, 
geography, historv, civics and spelling are taught. In these 
rooms are men, women, boys, and girls who for different 
reasons were unable to go to day school very long. 

There are also classes where women learn to sew. Many 
learn to make their own dresses. Women also learn to pre¬ 
pare and to cook food in the most wholesome manner. 
Others may learn to make and trim their own hats in the 
millinery classes. 



116 


There are classes for men in which printing, plumbing, 
and carpentry are taught. They may also attend classes in 
machine shop work, electricity, blue print reading for ma¬ 
chinists, and industrial chemistry. Typewriting, shorthand 
and bookkeeping are taught. 

The schools in America give every one a chance to get 
an education. America is a country of opportunity. 

O’BIIp. 121 
M & C p. 105-108 
Plass p. 35 



Writing Class 



Reading Class 



117 




Arithmetic Class 





Thrift 

/ For three years wages have been very high. Some men 
xvho earned $2.50 or $3.00 per day a few years ago have been 
/earning $5.00 and $6.00 every day for the past two years. 
But food, clothing, and rent have been very high also. Some 
men have been able to save money and others have not. It 
is ofttimes very hard to save money. Those who save a little 
money each day need never worry about old age or about 
losing a job. 

What shall it profit a man 

—if he earns big wages but saves none of it? 

—if his pay envelope be fat and the paying off of debts 
makes it flat? 

—if he hides his money under a pillow and is robbed of 
all he has saved? 

Always live within your income, 

For there’s this much about it: 

If you do not live within it, 

Some day you will live without it. 

Save for an Education 

John Peterson always had to work very hard but when 
the first baby was born, John put $1.00 in the bank for his 
new son. When the baby was a year old he added two more 
dollars, and every birthday he put money in his son’s bank. 
Then when John, Jr. was old enough to work, he put all the 
money he earned into this bank, too. When he was 18 years 
old and through high school, he had enough to put himself 
through college. That fall he started in the engineering 
•course at the university. John, Jr. could never have done 
this if his father had not saved his money every year. A 
good education is a tool to help us do our work better. 

Save for a Rainy Day 

David Anderson worked in a saw mill. He was a very 
good workman and worked very hard. His employer liked 
him and gave him good wages because David was skillful. 
He could send the swift carriage with its great log back and 




119 

forth very rapidly. But David never saved any money. He 
lived in a nice house and bought many good things to eat. 
His children were very well dressed. The monthly pay check 
hardly paid the rent, grocery, meat, and clothing bills. 

After working many years he got rhumatism and was 
not as quick around the saws as he had been. He tried very 
hard but had to take a poorer place in the saw mill with less 
pay. It was hard to get along at home with less wages, for 
debts began to grow larger. The family lived in a poorer 
house than before but still the debts grew. David and his 
wife worried about their debts. One day David slipped on a 
log and was badly hurt. He was taken to a hospital but when 
he came out, he was not able to work any more. They had 
no money saved up so they were obliged to ask the county 
.to give them money and food. 

While it is true that one who labors hard is entitled to 
the best that his money can buy, it is also true that he should 
look forward to the day when, because of physical disability 
and old age, he may not be able to do the same amount of 
work or earn the same wage. 

David wished many times that he had saved his money 
when he was making good wages. He would not. have had 
to ask the county to support him when he was old if he had 
had a savings account. 

“Save, and teach all you are interested in to save. Thus 
pave the way to moral and material success. ” 


How One Man Learned To Save 

During the war Joe Wiske had plenty of work and at very 
good wages. He had worked for $4.00 a day for many years 
but when the new ship yard was built, he got a job there at 
$8.00 per day. One day he decided to learn to rivet and be¬ 
cause he was big and strong, he soon was an expert at his 
work. Then he easily made $10.00 and $12.00 per day. Of 
course, it cost him much more to live than before the war. 
Food and clothing were much higher and Joe wanted many 
nice things to eat and wear. He had very good suits and ex- 
pensive shirts. Joe didn’t save much of his money. Even 
after the war, Joe had work at very good wages untd last 
fall when many factories were closed. Because Joe was un- 


V 




120 




married and because he did not work long at any one place, 
he was discharged soon. He had very little money and that 
did not last long. Joe found a few short jobs which gave 
him money to buy food for a while. Finally he had no money 
at all. He was proud, but at last he went to a bread line and 
got a bowl of warm soup. In a few days he got another job 
but that was soon ended and within two weeks he was in the 
bread line again. He often thought of the good wages he 
had earned and wished he had saved his money. \ 

You may be sure that when he did get steady work 
again, he saved some of his money each pay day. 

Some People Use Their Savings to Travel 

Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Anderson always worked hard. 
He was a careful workman and when other men had no work, 
he was kept at work. His wife saved their money. The 
children were always well dressed but nothing was wasted. 
When they had a chance to make a good investment, they ‘ 
always had the money. But before investing in anything, 
they went to the cashier of the bank where they kept their 
money and asked his advice. In this way they soon became 
fairly rich. They gave each of their children a good educa¬ 
tion. Finally all of the children were earning their own 
living. 

Mr. and Mrs. Anderson had always wanted to visit sev¬ 
eral of the beautiful places in America. They looked at their 
bank account and found that they had enough money invested 
in houses, lands, and bonds so that the interest would pay 
all their expenses for six months. Mr. Anderson went down 
to the factory and told the manager that he would stop work 
in two weeks and also told him what he and Mrs. Anderson 
intended to do. They looked over all of the geographies and 
finally decided to go to California. They went first to Port¬ 
land, Oregon, and then to San Francisco and Los Angeles, 
California. They did not stay at the most expensive hotels 
but at the medium-priced hotels where they were comfortable. 
They visited many wonderful places and had all the fresh 
fruit they could eat. They wrote letters home to their child¬ 
ren about the fine times they were having. The best part of 
their good times was that they knew that when they came 




121 


home they would not have any debts to pay. Mr. Anderson 
could go back to his old place in the factory and they would 
still have their investments and a good bank account. 

Thriftogram—Save while you have; invest it safely, and 
you will have something saved. 


Where Should Savings Be Kept? 

Some people put their money away and keep it hidden 
about the house; others who save their money regularly, 
carry it every day to work. This is not the best plan. Sev¬ 
eral stories will illustrate why one should place all savings in 
the bank: 


“GASSED” AND ROBBED 

Drugged as he slept, Dr. Orville Edwards, living near 
Shelbyville, Indiana, awoke the other morning feeling ill, 
and when he reached under his pillow for his money, found 
that the whole amount of $420.00 had been stolen in the 
night. 

WENT UP IN SMOKE 

When the home of Stanton Cain, of Jamestown, Ken¬ 
tucky, was burned, he lost not only his household goods but 
also $700.00 in money which he had not deposited. 

PARTY MAKES BIG HAUL 

Six men and four women stopped at the home of William 
Caliskey of Ulysses, Pennsylvania, and members of the gang 
took $21,000.00 in cash and securities while Caliskey and his 
wife were talking to others of the party. 

Thinking a hard coal stove was very safe, Mrs. Ben Juni, 
of New Uim, Minnesota, placed $50.00 inside and closed the 
door. Someone else found the money and must have been 
in need of it, as it disappeared. 

TARRED BUT NOT FEATHERED 

When Joseph Robinson of Coronado, California, was boil¬ 
ing tar in a bucket in his tent home it became too hot and 
caught on fire. While trying to carry the kettle out the door 


122 


he knocked over a table on which was $600.00 in gold and a 
like amount of currency. In the fire that followed the cur¬ 
rency was burned. 

A MOVEMENT IN DIAMONDS 

“The Millionaire Newsboy” is the nickname of Eddie 
Fitzgerald, and he dressed the part with a $1,000 stick pin, 
a $1,200 diamond ring and a roll of $300.00. On his way home 
in Hammond, Indiana, he was beset by three bandits who 
broke a gun over his head and took him in an auto to Chicago. 
While on the way he hid his ring in a shoe but the bandits 
took the other diamond and the cash. 

HIS TREASURE UNEARTHED 

Having buried $4,500 in currency in a secret place, J. P. 
Herman of Sandpoint, Idaho, went away on a visit and on 
returning missed the money. As far as we know he has 
found no trace of it. 

SOME ONE WAS LUCKY 

Hauling a load of apples to Elkhart, Indiana, Howard 
Congdon stuck $250.00 in one of the baskets, thinking it a 
good way to keep money. After getting to town he sold the 
apples then thought of his money. At last report he was 
still hunting for it. 

HE SPILLED THE BEANS 

Hiding $175.00 in an old coffee pot under a covering of 
beans, Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Troute of Dalis City, Illinois, 
thought they were playing safe. But some thief looked be¬ 
neath the beans. 

CIGAR BOX SAFE BURNS 

When a gasoline explosion occurred in the garage of 
Emanuel Harshberger, near Columbia City, Indiana, in his 
excitement the proprietor forgot about a cigar box in which 
sjiehad left $200. When he thought of the box it was too 
latSr 



123 


Banks are Safe 

/ / Banks are the safest place to keep your savings. At 
night the money and books are placed in large rooms called 
vaults. These rooms are made of steel. The locks on the 
door are a special kind and no one but the bankers can un¬ 
lock the door. Even if there should be a fire the money 
would not burn up when it is inside of this strong vault. 

In Duluth there are two kinds of banks, National and State 
banks. All National banks are under the supervision of the 
Comptroller of the Currency. He works in the Treasury 
department at Washington. The Secretary of the Treasury 

is__ 

Every National bank must report to the Comptroller of the 
Currency at least five times per year. The government also 
sends inspectors to the banks at many times during the year. 
The banker never knows when the inspectors will come to 
look over the books and accounts of the bank. If the books 
and accounts of the bank are not right, the government will 
not allow the bank to do any more business. State banks 
also make reports about every two months, to the State Sup¬ 
erintendent of Banks. These reports are published in the 
papers. State inspectors also examine the books in state 
banks many times during the year. The government watches 
the banks very carefully to protect the money the people 
have put into them. 

The government believes that banks are safe. We know 
that it is so because the government puts its own money into 
the banks. Did you ever see the sign on a bank window 
“United States Depository?” This means that when money 
is deposited in the post office savings department, the Post¬ 
master immediately puts it in a bank to keep. Then when 
the postmaster needs it again, he goes to the bank for it. 
The government collects millions of dollars every year m 
taxes. Some of this money is kept in government safes but 
much of it is kept in the banks. . . , , , 

The Board of Education keeps its money m Duluth banks 
until it is needed to pay the teachers. Each teacher is given 
a check and she goes to the bank for her money. The city 
and county also keep money in the banks. Did you ever see 
the sign, “Depository for State, County and City, on a bank 



124 


window? This means that the city and county officials keep 
their tax money in the banks until it is needed to pay for 
paving streets or building roads. 

There is another very good reason why we should put our 
savings in banks. Banks will pay us for the use of our money. 
The banks use this money and make more money with it. So 
they pay us for allowing them to have it. This money is 
really working for us. In Duluth a bank will pay three cents 
for the use of $1.00 for a year and six cents for the use of 
two dollars for one year. We call this interest at the rate of 
three per cent (3%). The interest is added to the money 
already in the bank and this new sum draws interest for an¬ 
other year. The bank is very careful with the savings that 
are placed in its hands. There are special laws that allow 
the banker to use savings money for very few things. Other 
money in the banks may be used for many things under the 
direction of the government but the government allows the 
banks to use the money for very few kinds of business. 


How Weekly Deposits Grow WITH Interest at 3% 


$1 per week 

1 year 
52.73 

2 years 
107.03 

3 years 
162.98 

4 years 
220.61 

5 years 
280.00 

2 “ “ 

105.48 

214.13 

326.07 

441.40 

560.21 

3 “ “ 

158.21 

321.20 

489.11 

662.09 

840.31 

4 “ “ 

210.94 

428.24 

652.12 

882.77 

1120.38 

5 " “ 

263.67 

535.30 

815.15 

1103.46 

1400.47 


How Weekly Deposits Grow WITHOUT Interest 


$1 per week 

2 “ “ 

52.00 

104.00 

156.00 

208.00 

260.00 

104.00 

208.00 

312.00 

416.00 

520.00 

3 “ “ 

156.00 

312.00 

468.00 

624.00 

780.00 

4 “ “ 

208.00 

416.00 

624.00 

832.00 

1040.00 

5 “ “ 

260.00 

520.00 

780.00 

1040.00 

1300.00 


These tables show how interest at 3% will help your 
savings grow. When the deposits are made at the rate of 
$5.00 per week for five years the man who puts his money in 
the bank at 3% interest has $100.47 more than the man who 
got no interest. 




125 


/ THE DULUTH BANKS SCHOOL THRIFT ASSOCIATION 

All of the banks of Duluth have formed a company called 
“The Duluth Banks School Thrift Association”. This asso¬ 
ciation sends a clerk to the day school once each week to 
take the savings of the children. This year they will do the 
same in the night schools. This is the way the money is de¬ 
posited. When you bring your money to the clerk in the 
night schoool, you will be given a card to fill out. The card 
looks like this: 

Duluth Banks School Thrift Association. Account No_ 

Authorized Signature for Savings Account 

Signature of Depositor_ 

Address of Depositor__ 

Age of Depositor_ _ 

(Parent 

Signature of ( or 

(Guardian_ 

Must be signed by Parent or Guardian 

Building_ Teacher_ 

Telephone, Melrose 612. Date_192___ 

IMPORTANT—See Other Side. 

The back of this card is like this, you can choose any 
Duluth bank you wish: 


Duluth Banks School Thrift Association 


Duluth State Bank 
Home State Bank 
Western State Bank 
Park State Bank of Morgan Park 
American Exchange National Bank 
Riverside State Bank 
Northern National Bank 
Minnesota National Bank 

Parents or Guardians will please mark X in square BEFORE 
the name of the bank in which they want the account placed. 

If it happens to be in a different bank from the one the 
account is now in, a transfer will be made if desired. 

3 per cent interest will be paid on all School Savings Accounts. 


Peoples State Bank 

Central State Bank 

The First National Bank 

Citizens State Bank 

City National Bank 

Bank of Commerce and Savings 

Proctor First National Bank 

















126 


The clerk also keeps your signature on another card 
which is like this: 


Account No.___- 
Authorized Signature for Savings Account. 

Signature of Depositor_- 

Address of Depositor__ 

Age of Depositor_Birthday— 


(Father_ 

Signature of ( 

(Mother__ 

_Building_Teacher 

Date_ -- 

Do not fold this card. (Over) 


The back of this card is like this: 

NOTICE 

Name on signature line must be in own handwriting of 
one in whose NAME account stands. 

If child cannot write, parent will please sign for him or 

her. 

Parents will please sign also in own handwriting on line 
indicated. 

Card MUST BE returned without delay for the bank’s 
files. 















127 


When you give her your money she gives you a bank book. 
Your money begins to draw interest at once. When the clerk 
goes back to the bank she deposits your money in the bank 
which you chose on your card. Every time you put money 
in the bank you must have your bank book. The clerk writes 
the amount in the book. You must also bring the book if you 
wish to take out your money. You can get your money at the 
school or at the bank by bringing your book and signing a 
withdrawal slip. If you wish to draw out a large sum of 
money, you should go to the bank. The clerk does not carry 
very much money at one time. 

In the day schools more than 15,000 children bank their 
money every week. During the first seven months of last 
year these children banked more than $73,000. The fifteen 
banks in this association have six clerks who collect the 
money every day and send it to the bank into which the 
children wish to put their money. These banks now have 
decided that they will offer the same privilege to the night 
school students. Do you want to bank in the night school? 


WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH YOUR SAVINGS 


Some men have not yet brought their families to this 
country and so they send money to them every month. Some 
people send money to friends to help them come to America. 
There are several ways to send money to Europe. One of 
the best ways is through the bank. You give the banker 
your American money and he sends a check to your friends 
in Europe that is paid in crowns, rubles or lire. Of course, 
the bank will charge you a small fee for this service but 
your money will be safe. 

Some people put their savings into good bonds or mort¬ 
gages. These bonds pay 5% interest or more. Not all bonds are 
safe. Before buying any bonds you should always go to your 
banker and ask his advice. Investments that pay a high rate 
of interest are usually unsafe. It is better to secure a smaller 
interest and be safe. If you wish to buy a mortgage go to a 


/ 



One 


128 

good real estate agent, recommended by your banker, 
of the best things to buy with your savings is a house. 


WHY OWN YOUR HOME ? 

Some people like to believe that they are just as well off 
“in the long run” by renting a house as by owning a home. 
Look at these figures: 

Monthly rent 10 years 20 years 

$20.00_$2,400_'_—$ 4,800 

25.00_ 8,000_ 6,000 

30.00_ 3,600_ 7,200 

40.00_ 4,800_ 9.600 

50.00_ 6,000_12,000 

60.00_ 7,200_14,400 

75.00_ 9,000_18,000 

Any banker will be glad to help you buy a house and lot 
or to buy a farm by giving you advice. 


SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES 

Your bank will help you in another way. Every one has 
some valuable papers. If these were to be burned or lost, 
they could not easily be replaced. Every Duluth bank has 
safe deposit boxes which can be rented for about $3.00 per 
year. When you rent the box, the bank gives you a key. 
This key fits into a lock in your box. But your box has two 
locks and you cannot open it alone. The bank has the key 
to the other lock. Both keys are necessary to open up your 
box. The bank cannot open your box until you come with 
your key and you must have the bank’s key as well as your 
own to open the door. This makes your papers in the bank 
very safe. These boxes are in a large steel vault which can¬ 
not be destroyed by fire. 


















STUDY THIS CHART AND PROFIT BY ITS LESSON 

(Each Space is a Span of 10 Years) 

Save in the accumulative period. A goodly bank account averts distress 

and insures comforts in later years. 


129 


























' 


130 

r; BUT, BUT, BUT, BUT, BUT ! 

At the Age of 5. 

Opportunity came to Billy as he sat trying to count the 
nickles Uncle William had given him as a birthday present. 
She came in the form of a little playmate who suggested 
that Billy put his money in an account as he himself had 
done. Billy was fascinated by the pass book which his play- '{ 
mate proudly displayed. He wanted one too, BUT there 
were so many toys and other things he wanted also. The 
toys and other things won out and Opportunity passed on. 

At the Age of 20. 

Opportunity touched the gay, fun-loving youth lightly 
on the shoulder. She wanted to show him the advantage of 
availing himself of a certain good investment. 

“You're right. It's a good proposition BUT I want to 
have some fun out of life. It takes money to have a big 
time these days,*’ he returned. 

Opportunity shook her head sadly and passed on. 

At the Age of 35. 

Opportunity again sought Billy. She pleaded for system¬ 
atic saving and he lent a listening ear. 

“For the sake of my wife and little children I should 
begin, I know, BUT there are so many things to buy for 
the kiddies. Perhaps when they grow up, I’ll have a surplus.” 1 

At the Age of 50. 

Opportunity paid little attention to the plea which Billy 
made to her. He wanted to save but he seemed powerless to 
begin. With a few hasty words of advice which she knew 
he would hardly follow she left him. 

At the Age of 60. 

Opportunity scarcely noticed the helpless old man who 
held out appealing hands to her. She barely caught the 
words, “0, Fd begin saving now BUT there is no longer 
anything to save.’' 


O’BII p.154 
M & C. p. 135-138 





131 


Sending Money 


Sometimes it is necessary to send money to some person 
in another city. There are many ways to do this. Some ways 
are safe and some are not safe. It is very unsafe to put 
money in a letter and send it through the mail. Coins will 
wear a hole through the envelope and be lost. Paper money 
may be stolen by some one. Paper money may be put in a 
registered letter, then it will be safe. This will cost 8 cents 
besides the 2 cents postage. 

Another way to send money is by bank draft. The 
banks will sell you these drafts for ten cents for each $100 or 
fraction thereof. Some very large drafts are sold for five 
cents per $100. If you wish a draft for $75 you must pay 
$75 and the ten cent fee or $75.10 in all for the draft. 

You then send the draft to your friend in another city 
by mail. He can go to the bank there and cash it. You can 
also send money by postal money orders. You buy postal 
money orders at the post office for very small fees. For 
orders payable anywhere in the United States or any of its 


possessions: 

From 


$ .01 

to $ 

2.50_ 

____ 3 

2.51 

to 

5.00_ 

____ 5 

5.01 

to 

10.00____ 

____ 8 

10.01 

to 

20.00_ 

___.10 

20.01 

to 

30.00_ 

_12 

30.01 

to 

40.00_ 

_15 

40.01 

to 

50.00_ 

_18 

50.01 

to 

60.00_ 

_20 

60.01 

to 

75.00- 

_25 

75.01 

to 

100.00____ 

_30 


Also you can send money through the express company 
at the following rates: _ ^_ 6 cents 


From $ 0.01 to i 

“ 2.50 to 

“ 5.00 to 

“ 10.00 to 

“ 25.00 to 

“ 50.00 to 

“ 75.00 to 


5.00_7 " 

10.00 _ 10 “ 

25.00_12 “ 

50.00_15 “ 

75.00_18 “ 

100.00 _ 20 “ 

Money can be sent by telegraph also. These rates are very 
high but the money can be sent very quickly. 




















182 


1. How much will it cost to send $50 to my friend in St. 

Paul by bank draft? By postal money order? By reg¬ 
istered letter? 

2. I wish to send to Chicago for a bill of goods amounting 

to $24.65. What will a postal money order cost? 

3. When I had to send $45 to my brother in New York so 

that he might come to Duluth, I sent it by a bank draft. 
What did it cost? 

4. My cousin in Pittsburg needs $125. He has been sick. 

What is the cheapest way to send it to him? 

5. I wish to send to Minneapolis for some goods that cost 

$9.62. What will it cost me to send the money? 

6. I send to Minneapolis for a pair of shoes costing $6. What 

must I pay for the money order? I pay 25c express 
and 2c postage. What is the total cost of the shoes? 

7. I sent to a firm in Chicago for goods to the amount of 

$14.68. Find the total cost allowing 50c for express. 

8. I ordered the following books in Chicago: 

1 Beshgeturian-Foreigners guide to English $0.92 

1 O’Brien I_;_ .58 

1 Moley and Cook, Lessons in Democracy_ .75 

What will be the total cost; allowing 30c for parcel 
postage? 

9. MacMillan & Co., Chicago, Ill., advertise the following 


books: 

Life of Washington_$0.50 

Life of Lincoln_ .60 

Life of Roosevelt_ .60 


What would it cost to have a copy of each sent, if they 
were sent postpaid? 

10. A subscription to the Literary Digest, New York City, 
costs $4 per year. What will be the total cost of the 
paper including money order and postage? The Digest 
is published weekly. What does each copy cost? If 
the news dealer charges 10c per copy, how much have 
you saved per week? 


O’B II p. 160 






133 


The Railroad 

“Do you know that there are 74 passenger trains in and 
out of Duluth daily except Sundays? That Duluth has 9 rail¬ 
roads and 13 boat lines to serve you in any capacity?’ ’ 

Railroads are very necessary. They carry people and 
goods from one place to another. If you could not go to visit 
your friends in other towns, you would be very unhappy. 
You would not know as much about their life as you do now. 
You could not buy things brought from other towns. You 
could not get any coal and only certain kinds of food and 
clothing. You could not have apples, bananas, and oranges 
to eat. When railroad strikes occur, one has to wait a long 
time for freight. 

Many men and some women work on these railroads. 
Every train has an engineer and a fireman on the engine. 
The conductor and brakeman take care of the cars in the 
train. There are gangs of men who keep the track in re¬ 
pair. The trains are directed by the train dispatcher who 
sends his orders out over telegraph wires. In every station 
there are men who take these messages and handle freight 
and baggage. In some of the larger stations, the freight and 
passenger cars are cleaned and repaired. Women do some 
of this w6rk. 

Railroads are very valuable in opening up a new country. 
The logs can be hauled out and supplies sent in for settlers. 
The settler can ship out his produce easily if he is near a 
railroad. Some of the early settlers in Minnesota hauled 
their wheat in wagons to, a railroad station so far away that 
it took one day to go and one day to return. So Minnesota 
gave land to railroads to encourage them to build roads into 
the new country. The railroad then sold the land to the 
settlers. 

What railroads run into Duluth? To what other towns 

do these roads go? ., - ,, 

There are some railroads that run from one side ot the 
United States to the other. These are called transconti¬ 
nental roads. Can you name some of them? Many of them 
were built before the country was settled, and the country 
settled up after the roads came. 


O’B II p. 163 


134 


Possessives 

When we possess anything, we own it. It belongs to us. 
If we say, “Mr. Maki possesses this house,” we mean that 
the house belongs to Mr. Maki. There is a short way of 
showing possession when writing. Look at these sentences 
and see what the short way is. 

1. These gloves belong to my son. 

These are my son's gloves. 

2. This house belongs to Mr. Maki. 

This is Mr. Maki's house. 

3. These tools belong to the men. 

These are the men’s tools. 

4. This flag belongs to my country. 

This is my country's flag. 

You see that an apostrophe (’) and an s are added to 
the noun to show ownership. Sometimes the noun ends in s 
and then it would be hard to sound another s so we add only 
the apostrophe. 

Look at these sentences: 

1. They are on the boys' playground. 

2. This is Mr. Jones' store. 

Change these sentences to the possessive: 

1. This the office of the doctor. 

This is the_:_office. 

2. This is the boat of the captain. 

This the_boat. 

3. The wagon belongs to the men. 

This is the_wagon. 

4. The shoe department belongs to the ladies. 

This is the_shoe department. 

To which words below do we add the apostrophe and s 
and to which words do we add only the apostrophe to show 
possession? 

man men girl girls 

city cities Mr. Gray Miss Burns 

child children scissors 


O’B II p. 166 






185 


A Railroad Time Table 

Duluth to Mesabe Range—Coleraine Branch 


Read Down 

• Miles 

STATIONS 

Read Up 

P. M. 

3 

Daily 1 

A. M. 

1* 

Daily 

A. M. 
2 

1 Daily 

P. M. 

4 

Daily 

Si _x3 50 

x 7 40 

0 

Lv._-Duluth U. D. __Ar. 

xlO 48 

x 3 18 

_5 20 

9 24 

84 

Lv. _ Alborn _ Ar. 

9 00 

2 53 

5 50 

9 48 

46 

Ar_Medowlands __Lv. 

8 40 

1 32 

L*— 6 12 

10 10 

59 

_Hull Junction __ 

8 17 

1 10 

_ 6 25 

10 28 

65 

“_Silica_“ 

8 05 

12 58 

_6 51 

10 49 

79 

_ Calumet 

7 39 

12 32 

l _6 52 

10 52 

80 

“_Marble_“ 

7 36 

12 28 

_7 05 

11 05 

85 

“ _ Taconite _ u 

7 23 

12 16 

. ____ 7 10 

11 11- 

87 

Bovey 

7 17 

12 10 

7 18 

11 19 

88 

Ar_Coleraine Lv. 

7 09 

12 04 


1. How far is it from Duluth to Coleraine? 

2. From Meadowlands to Coleraine? 

3. How long does it take to go from Duluth to Coleraine? 

To return? * 

4. At what time can you get trains for Coleraine from Du¬ 

luth? When do you arrive in Coleraine? 


P. M. 

5 

Dailv 

P. M. 

3 

Dailv 

A. M. 

1 

Daily 

Miles 

MAIN LINE 
STATIONS 

A. M. 

2 

Daily 

P. M. 

4 

Daily 

P. M. 

6 

Daily 

x 7 

58 

x 3 

50 

x 7 

40 

0 

Lv.Duluth U.D. Ar. 

xlO 

48 

x 3 

is 

x 6 48 



3 

56 

7 

48 

2 

Mesabe Jet. 

10 

42 

3 

12 




4 

04 

7 

54 

4 

“ 57th Ave. W. “ 

10 

35 

3 

05 

— 

8 

27 

4 

23 

8 

13 

9 

“ _.Proctor_. _ “ 

10 

21 

2 

51 

6 22 



4 

31 

8 

21 

13 

u __ Adolph_“ 

10 

11 

2 

42 




4 

51 

8 

41 

23 

“ __ Saginaw __ 

9 

49 

2 

22 




5 

20 

9 

10 

34 

“ __ Alborn-- “ 

9 

25 

1 

58 

5 28 



5 

44 

9 

34 

47 

“ ...Kelsey - “ 

8 

59 

1 

32 




6 

20 

10 

10 

66 

Ar. -Iron Jet. _ Lv. 

8 

23 

12 

56 

4 40 

10 

08 

6 

35 

10 

25 

68 

“ ___ Wolf — “ 

8 

08 

12 

41 

4 35 

10 

24 

6 

51 

10 

41 

75 

“ _ Sherwood. _ 

7 

55 

12 

28 


10 

36 

7 

02 

10 

51 

79 

“ __ Wilpen __ “ 

7 

46 

12 

19 

4 12 

10 

46 

7 

10 

11 

00 

82 

“ - Mitchell - “ 

7 

38 

12 

11 

4 06 

10 

56 

1 7 

19 

11 

09 

84 

“ __ Hibbing — 

7 

30 

12 

03 

4 00 






























































186 


Minneapolis—St. Paul and Superior—Duluth 


66 

P. 

A. 

6 

P. 

M. 

62 

A. M. 

| Miles 

1 Table Number 16 

1 Central Time 

1 61 

1 P. M. 

1 63 

1 P. M 

1 65 

1 A. M. 

11 

00 

2 

00 

8 

10 

0 

Lv. Minneapolis Ar. 

3 

30 

7 

20 

7 

00 

11 

40 

2 

40 

8 

50 

10 

“ _.St. Paul__ “ 

2 50 

6 

40 

6 

20 

11 

50 



9 

00 

13 

u East 7th St. 4 

2 

38 



6 

07 

11 

55 


9 

05 

15 

Gloster u 

2 

32 


6 

02 

12 

10 

3 

05 

9 

20 

22 

Ar. White Bear Lv. 

2 

20 

6 

12 

5 

47 

7 

401 

1 

25 

8 40 34 |Lv.Stillwater. Ar.| 

3 

05 

7 

20 

6 

50 

A. 

M. 













12 

15 

3 

05 

9 

20 

22 

Lv. White Bear Ar. 

2 

18 

6 

10 

5 

45 

12 

18 



9 

22 

23 

“ Bald Eagle “ 

2 

13 



5 

42 

12 

26 


9 

30 

27 

“_Hugo _ . “ 

2 

05 


5 

32 

12 

49 

3 

32 

9 

51 

40 

“ - Wyoming. “ 

1 

42 

5 

39 

5 

03 

1 

15 

3 

50 

10 

12 

52 

_No. Branch. 

1 

18 

5 

21 

4 

37 

1 

27 

4 00 

10 

22 

57 

Harris_ 

1 

08 

5 

13 

4 

25 

1 

42 

4 

12 

10 37 

64 

Ar. Rush City Lv. 

12 

51 

5 

03 

4 

10 

1 

53 


10 

48 

69 

Ar. Rock Creek Lv. 

12 

38 


3 

57 

2 

02 

4 

29 

10 

58 

74 

“ - Pine City _ “ 

12 

28 

4 

48 

3 

46 

2 

35 

4 

51 

11 

r 26 

87 

“ _ Hinckley _ “ * 

12 

05 

4 

29 

3 

15 









A.M. 





2 

45 



11 

36 


Lv. -Hinckley. Ar. 

11 

55 



3 

05 

8 

09 



11 

56 

96 

-Groningen. 

11 

32 



2 

44 

3 

29 

_ 

___ 

12 

13 

105 

! “ - Rutledge _ “ 

11 

12 



2 

23 

3 

38 

5 

23 

12 

21 

109 

“ Willow River “ 

11 

04 

3 

56 

2 

12 

5 

03 

5 

39 

12 

42 

119 

Moose Lake 

10 

43 

3 

41 

1 

47 

4 

14 

5 

46 

12 

52 

124 

__Barnum__ 

10 

32 

3 

34 

1 

34 

4 

54 

6 

12 

! i 

29 

1141 

Ar. Carlton Lv. 

10 

00 

3 

08 

12 

53 



i 

29 

140 

Lv. _Carlton_ Ar. 

10 

00 





i 

32 

143 

-Thompson- 

9 

50 





i 

37 

146 

“ -Brownell-- “ 

9 

43 





i 

46 

151 

Short LineP’k “ 

9 

32 






. i 

52 

154 

_ Smithville_ “ 

9 

23 




A.M. 











P.M. 

6 

12; 

7 

08 

2 

01 

157 

“ West Duluth “ 

9 

14 

2 

08 

11 

27 

6 

22| 



2 

11 

161 

“ 20th Avenue “ 

9 

04 



11 

18 

5 

50 

6 

53 

2 

22 

165 

Ar. -Superior. Lv. 

7 

18 

2 

24 

11 

44 

6 

30 

7 

25 

2 

50 

162 

Ar. __Duluth __ Lv. 

9 

00 

1 

55 

11 

10 






































































187 

5. If you leave Duluth at 3:50 p. m., at what time will you 

reach Marble? Taconite? Bovey? 

6. What is the distance from Duluth to Hibbing? 

7. What is the fastest train to Hibbing? 

8. Which train returns to Duluth in the shortest time? 

9. How far is it from Duluth to St. Paul? To Minneapolis? 

10. If I leave St. Paul at 11:40 p. m., when will I reach Moose 

Lake? Duluth? 

11. How far is it from Rush City to Superior? 

12. How far is it from Duluth to Willow River? 

13. How far is it from Hinckley to St. Paul? 

14. If I leave St. Paul at 8:35 a. m., what time do I reach 

West Duluth? Duluth? Superior? 

15. Does this train go to Superior before it comes to Duluth? 

16. How long does it take to go to Hinckley from Carlton 

on train No. 62? On train No. 64? 

O’B II p. 169 


Vocational Schools 

In some countries in Europe there are very good voca¬ 
tional schools. In America we are just starting our vocational 
schools. We have very good agricultural schools. In every 
state there is a good agricultural college. A boy may go and 
take a four-year course in agriculture to prepare himsell ior 
farming, or a girl may go and take a four-year course in 
home economics to prepare herself to become a good house¬ 
wife In these colleges there are courses on chickens, on 
fruit, on cattle and upon grains. Each state has courses 
which will help the farmer most. The Oregon agricultural 
colle<re gives a course on growing plums. California, one on 
oranges; Illinois, one on hogs, and Texas, a course on cotton. 
Minnesota, the bread and butter state, gives courses on 
cattle and wheat. 


188 


In addition to these courses for the education of farmers 
who come to the universities, each state has experiment sta¬ 
tions. At these stations seeds are tested; methods of feed¬ 
ing are tried out, and harmful insects and diseases of plants 
and animals are studied. At the Minnesota experiment farm 
a new kind of wheat was developed which yields more per 
acre than ordinary wheat. Careful estimates have shown 
that this variety has increased the value of the wheat crop 
in Minnesota to the extent of $25,000,000. It is said that the 
agricultural schools of Illinois increased the yield of corn 
three times in that state and other states by testing seed 
corn. The result of these experiments are published and may 
be obtained free or for a small sum by writing to the agri¬ 
cultural school, These schools will also answer letters from 
farmers who want to find out something about their farms. 

Some of the graduates of these colleges are now farm¬ 
ers but some of them are teaching agriculture to the boys 
and girls in the high schools of the state. Others are em¬ 
ployed by the farmers as county agricultural agents to tell 
the farmers what kind of plants to grow, to pick out good 
dairy cattle, to help the farmer in case of hog cholera, and 
to show the best way to destroy insects which attack the 
crops. Some of the county agents have small farms on which 
they illustrate the best methods of agriculture. The salaries 
of these agents are paid by the county and in some cases by 
the farmers themselves. St Louis county has such an agent. 

His name is___ 

His office is in the court house. 

INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION 

In February, 1917, the 64th Congress passed an act called 
the Smith-Hughes act. This act is to help states and cities 
with industrial education just as agricultural education has 
been carried on. Money is appropriated to pay aid to the 
states. Each state also appropriated money for the aid of 
the cities. Thus, if Duluth paid a teacher $1.00 for teaching 
an industrial class under the rules of the Smith-Hughes act, 
the federal government would also give the teacher a dollar 
and the state government would give the teacher a dollar. 
Under this act, classes in Duluth during the year 1919-1920, 





Night Class in Electricity, Street Car Barns 


Class in Oxy-acetylene Welding 















140 


were conducted in retail salesmanship, office training, oxy- 
acetylene welding, machine shop, electricity, ship building, 
sheet metal drafting, printing, decorating, and carpentry. 
The total amount returned from state and federal funds to 
Duluth for these classes amounted to over $3,200. These 
classes are conducted in the evening schools and in the part- 
time schools. 

In this same act aid is given for home economics and for 
agricultural education. Duluth is especially interested in in¬ 
dustrial training. 


VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION OF SOLDIERS 

Soon after the United States entered the war and when 
the first wounded soldiers began to come back to America, 
an act called the Smith-Sears act was passed to care for 
these soldiers. This act is for the re-education of soldiers 
who have been badly wounded in this war. If a man could 
not work at his old job when he came back, he was given a 
chance to learn a new one and thus be able to support him¬ 
self. During the time he is going to school he should be 
paid from $75 to $90 per month by the government for his 
own living and a larger sum is paid if he has dependents, 
such as a wife and children or a father and mother or depen¬ 
dent sisters and brothers. Private C. had a leg broken by a 
bullet wound which took away much of the flesh and bone' of 
his right thigh. He could not write in his own language or 
in English. He had always been a common laborer. He 
could not do hard work now so he was given training in a 
wicker chair factory and was soon able to earn good wages. 

By March 25, 1920, 34,201 men were receiving such 
training at the expense of the United States government. 
This number is increasing rapidly each month. In this way 
many men who might become beggars are able to earn their 
own living. It is much better to support yourself than to be 
a beggar. Do you know a wounded soldier who should take 
such training? If you do, tell him what the United States 
government will do for him. 


O’B II p. 173 


141 


s Cement 

Duluth has a cement plant near the Minnesota Steel 
company’s buildings at Morgan Park. Cement can be made 
from cement rock, which is found in many places in the 
world; but cement is also made from slag from the blast 
furnace. After the melted iron has been run off and taken 
away, the red hot slag is cooled and shipped over to the 
cement plant. If the cement plant did not use this waste 
material, the Minnesota Steel company would have to find a 
place to dump it. 

The slag is dried, crushed and sent to the weighing 
machine. The other important part of cement, which is 
limestone, is also dried and crushed before going to the 
weighing machines. This limestone is quarried at Calcite, 
Michigan. The slag and limestone are weighed and mixed. 
The mixture is ground very fine and fused in a revolving 
kiln. The kiln is heated by powdered coal. This cement 
clinker is taken out, cooled and then ground very fine for use 
in buildings. This is the finished Portland cement. Cement 
is made very carefully and is tested by expert chemists 
many times during its manufacture. 

Cement is used for many things. When mixed with sand, 
gravel and water it hardens into concrete. All of the streets 
and alleys in Morgan Park are paved with concrete. Some of 
the houses in Morgan Park are made of concrete blocks. All 
of the buildings in the cement plant are made of concrete. 
When large buildings are made of concrete, steel rods are 
placed in the concrete to make it stronger. Steel rods are 
very necessary in concrete bridges. Even fence posts and 
railroad ties are made of concrete. 

Concrete is now being used in many places where wood 
was used because lumber costs a great deal and because the 
concrete lasts longer than the wood. A well-built concrete 
building or bridge will last many years and be as strong then 

as when it was built. . £ , . * 

It is important to remember that the slag from which 
cement is made is a waste product that would be thrown 
away if it were not used in this way. By using this waste 
material we are securing good buildings and saving our trees. 


O’BII p. 173 




142 


The Workmen’s Compensation Law 

A few years ago there was no workmen’s compensation 
law. When a workman was injured at his work, he must 
take his case to court. The court would decide what com¬ 
pensation the employer should pay the injured person. This 
would involve the expense of lawyers for both the employer 
and the employee. The employer would be able to secure the 
better lawyers as he had the means to pay them well. The 
employee would be at a disadvantage. If the injured man 
did win the case he would still have to pay the lawyer 
twenty per cent of the compensation he received. 

Now, Minnesota has a workman’s compensation law. 
The workmen receive a compensation for injuries which oc¬ 
cur in factories or other places where they work, without 
going to court. This is to provide relief for the injured per¬ 
son and his family with justice to the employer and employee. 
State laws provide for reasonable payment for such acci¬ 
dents. The amount of money the person receives depends 
upon the injury. Fixed amounts for injuries have been made. 
The total amount of compensation cannot be more than five 
thousand dollars. 

What to do when hurt: 

IMPORTANT 

If hurt while working tell your boss or foreman at once 
how and where you were hurt. You must go to the doctor 
to whom he sends you or pay your own doctor bill. Even a 
sliver or a scratch should be reported; blood poison may 
result. YOUR PROMPT REPORT OF INJURY IS IM¬ 
PORTANT. 

Your employer, if under the compensation law, should 
pay you compensation at each regular pay day while you are 
disabled, except that nothing is paid for the first seven days. 
You are entitled to two-thirds of your wages, but not more 
than $15 a week nor less than $6.50 a week. 

You do not need a lawyer to collect your compensation 
as the DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIES 
will do this for you free. Apply at the Old Capitol, St. Paul, 
807 Phoenix Building, Minneapolis, or 308 Court House, Du¬ 
luth. 


143 


If the person is hurt through his own carelessness or 
willful misconduct his employer is not obliged to compensate 
him. 

If the employee does not wish to come under the work¬ 
men’s compensation law he must notify the labor commis¬ 
sioner. In that case he recovers damages through the 
court. 

If a person has been injured so that he cannot work at 
his old job again, the state and national governments will 
train him for another job. The state will pay for his training 
in a school or in a factory. Minnesota is the first state to 
provide this training for its injured workers. This training 
is very similar to the training given by the national govern¬ 
ment to the wounded soldiers. No man wants to be depen¬ 
dent on others for his living even if he has been injured. 
All injured men welcome a chance to learn a new job. All 
men who have been injured and want to be trained should 
apply at room 306, Court House, Duluth, Minnesota. 

O’B II p. 173 
M & C p. 75 


The Coal Docks 

The boats that carry grain and ore from Duluth to the 
cities on the lower lakes are built especially for that purpose. 
When the boat is ready to carry a cargo back, it cannot take 
such freight as farm machinery or automobiles. They must 
be carried back in boats called package, freight boats. So 
most ore and grain boats bring back coal if they bring back 
any cargo at all. Some do not bring back anything. 

Soft coal and hard coal, to supply nearly all of Minnesota 
and the Dakotas, is brought to the Duluth-Superior harbor. 
These boats are in great haste to unload, secure a new load 
of ore, and return. So when the coal boats come to the docks, 
the men are ready to unload. They use great electric hoists 
called cranes. The buckets of these cranes are called clam 
shells, because of the shape of the two lips which dip down 
into the piles of coal. With several of these clamshell cranes, 
the boats can be unloaded very quickly. 


144 


The coal is put into large bins on the dock ready to be 
put into cars or wagons for delivery to the customers. Every 
coal dock ships some of its coal by the railroad to the towns 
of the northwest. Then there are teams and trucks that 
supply homes, factories, and large buildings. In the sum¬ 
mer there is not a great demand for coal, so great piles are 
stored on the docks until the demand comes in the fall and 
winter. Some of this work is done with the electric crane, 
too. But even then, there is much dusty, dirty, hard work 
around a coal dock. 

O.B II p. 173 


The Shoe Factory 

The hides from the packing plants are made into many 
things. When this country was new, cattle were raised and 
killed for their hides and tallow alone. The rest of the 
animal was wasted. We use these hides, as well as the hides 
of goats, horses and mules to make shoes, bags and gloves. 
First, the hides are made into leather. The flesh, fat and 
hair are removed and the hides soaked in tannin which comes 
from hemlock and oak bark. This makes the leather tough 
and keeps it from decaying. Then the leather goes to the 
shoe factories. The bottoms are made of the tough, heavy 
cow’s leather and the uppers from the goat or calf skins. 
In the factory the pieces are cut out by machines and sewed 
up by machines just as we sew clothes. Each man has one 
small part of the work to do. He works rapidly and skill¬ 
fully and passes the shoe on to the next man or woman. The 
eyelets or buttons are put on by machinery, too. The soles 
and heels are nailed or sewed on by machines.. By using 
machinery, the shoes can be made more cheaply. 

Most of the shoes are made in Massachusetts, but Duluth 
has a shoe factory that makes very good shoes. Do you 
know what shoes are made there? Did you ever buy any of 
these shoes? This factory employs 200 men and women. 

Can you trace the route of this leather from the farm 
until you bought your shoes? 


O’B II p. 173 



WEATHER BUREAU, DULUTH 


Page 147 
















) 



CATTLE ON A MINNESOTA FARM (Herfords) 


Page 148 



A GRAIN BINDER 


Page 145 

















145 


The Sash and Door Factory 

When a man starts to build a house one of the first 
things he plans is the location and size of the doors and win¬ 
dows. If these are not well planned, the house will be dark 
and unhandy. The door and window frames could be built 
at the house but usually they are purchased from some fac¬ 
tory. Nearly all doors and windows are of the same size so 
the factory makes many of them and offers them for sale. 
Because they are the same size, they can make them very 
cheaply. The men learn to run the machines very rapidly 
and accurately and so keep the cost very low. But these ma¬ 
chines with the sharp saws and knives are very dangerous. 
There are guards to protect the men from injury. But even 
then, many men are hurt each year. 

If it is necessary to make windows or doors of different 
sizes, they are made as a special order and cost more. The 
sash and door factory also makes cupboards and wardrobes, 
book cases, show cases, and store fixtures of all kinds. You 
can order nearly any kind of a cupboard you wish for your 
house. For this work the lumber must be very dry. So the 
men select from the lumber piles the very best boards and 
put them into kilns to dry. The kilns are heated very hot to 
drive the water out of the lumber. Then the lumber is dry 
enough to use for the windows and doors. Because the lum¬ 
ber is so near, there are many sash and door factories in 
Duluth. They are located near the saw mills and near the 
railroads. In 1905 there were 94 such factories in Minnesota 
and their product was valued at $7,949,000. 

O’B II p. 173 


The Flour Mill 

When the wheat comes into the mill to be made into 
flour it must be cleaned and washed. All of the weeds and 
dirt are taken out. Then the wheat is run through rollers 
which crack it. The flour that is loose is sifted out and the 
wheat cracked again. Then the outer part is separated from 
the white flour. If the flour is not very white, it is bleached. 


146 




All the flour is sifted through very fine silk cloth called bolt¬ 
ing cloth. The outer hulls are made into middlings or bran. 

If these hulls are left in, the flour is called graham or whole 
wheat flour. But most people in America want* the white 
flour. The flour is then put up into twenty-five pound, fifty 
pound, one hundred pound, and two hundred pound sacks 
and sold. 

Not many men are required in a flour mill. Most of the 
work is done by machinery. The men in the mill watch the 
machinery to see that the work is being done well. Some . 
mills make rye and corn flour as well as wheat flour. 

Poor wheat comes from poor farms and will not make as 
good flour as the wheat from the good farms, so the miller 
must examine the wheat very carefully. When the wheat is 
poor, he mixes good wheat with it. Also there ' are many 
kinds of wheat and they must be mixed to keep the flour the j 
right quality. So every mill has a kitchen where the flour is ] 
tested by baking it into loaves of bread. Duluth has a small j 
mill and there is a mill in Superior. Most of the wheat that 
comes to Duluth goes to the eastern mills. 

Minnesota raises much good wheat. The wheat farms in ; 
the western part of the state raise from fifteen to thirty < 
bushels of wheat per acre. In Kansas and Nebraska much 
winter wheat is raised, and in Washington apd the Dakotas S 
there are large wheat farms. Canada raises much spring 1 
wheat. Spring wheat is sown in the spring and then requires 
no cultivation until it is cut in July or August. The wheat 
is cut and bound into bundles by a machine called a binder. 
Later the bundles are stacked until the threshing machine 
comes to remove the wheat from the straw. Sometimes the 
wheat is not stacked but threshed at once. When the grain 
is threshed, it is stored in bins until the owner is ready to 
sell. The farmers who have no storage bins must sell their 
grain as soon as it is threshed. Millions of bushels of wheat 
were shipped from here and 168,000 barrels of flour were 
milled here during 1919. 

u Do you know that the wheat shipped through the Du¬ 
luth-Superior harbor makes enough flour for 900 million 
loaves of bread ?” 


O’B II p. 180 



147 


The Weather Bureau 

The Duluth daily papers issue weather forecasts every 
day. These forecasts are received from the weather bureau. 
The weather bureau in Duluth is located on the hill top, 

at Seventh avenue west and the Incline. Mr.- 


_has charge of 

this station. (There are 200 fully equipped stations in the 
United States. There are over 4500 stations which record 
only the temperature and the rain or snow fall. These smaller 
stations send reports to the larger stations every day. These 
reports are needed to predict the weather for the next day. 

Man early began to take notice of the weather. For a 
long time he could not compare the weather of one day or 
month or year with another. Then the thermometer, bar¬ 
ometer, anemometer and rain gauge were invented. From a 
study of the records of these instruments they discovered 
certain weather laws. From these records they were able to 
foretell the kinds of weather that followed certain other 
kinds. In order that this knowledge might be sent all over 
the United States, the U. S. Weather Bureau was established. 
When the telegraph and wireless were invented they could 
send the information very quickly. 

This bureau benefits nearly every kind of business. It 
adds to the health and comfort of the people and protects 
property. When heavy snow is forecast, railroads and street 
car companies get their men and tools ready to remove it 
from the tracks as soon as possible. Forecasts of heavy rams 
are of great value to people living along river banks Ueavy 
rains often cause floods. Many lives have been saved through 
such warnings. All kinds of crops that would be injured y 
the rains may be cut when fair weather is forecast. When a 
very cold winter is predicted, coal dealers lay m a larger 
stock of coal. 

The weather warnings are most valuable to sailors and 
ship owners. They are told of expected storms. In this way 
they can guard lives and property. These warnings are dis¬ 
played in every port and harbor. During the day, flags of 
different colors are put up. At night, red and white lanterns 




148 


are raised. Hundreds of lives and millions of dollars worth 
of property have been saved through the warnings of the 
weather bureau. 


A thermometer is an instrument for measuring the tem¬ 
perature. 

A barometer is an instrument for determining the pres¬ 
sure of the atmosphere. 

An anemometer is an instrument for measuring the force 
or velocity of the wind. 

A rain gauge is an instrument for measuring the quan¬ 
tity of rain that falls at a given place and time. 

O’B [I p. 180 


The Meat Packing Plant 

The meat packing industry, as it exists today, was un¬ 
thought of a century ago. Most people of the United States 
lived on farms in rural districts, and every community 
raised its own supply of food. Cattle and hogs were killed 
on the farm; apart of the meat was eaten fresh; the rest 
was frozen or salted for future use or peddled out to the 
neighbors. But when the East turned to manufacturing and 
commerce, built great cities, and grew into a densely popu¬ 
lated region, more meat was required than could be produced 
there. Meat production shifted to the west where there was 
plenty of undeveloped land upon which cattle could be raised 
with profit. Most of the larger packing plants are in the 
middle western states which produce more live stock than 
any other part of the country. Many of the larger plants 
are located at Chicago, the greatest packing center, also at 
Omaha, Kansas City, St. Paul, and St. Louis. Smaller pack¬ 
ing plants, which utilize local supplies and provide meat for 
the local demand, are situated in many parts of the country. 
In Duluth, for instance, is a packing plant which employs 
about one hundred men. At it are slaughtered cattle and 
hogs raised in the surrounding region. When more live stock 
is raised near Duluth, the packing plant will be made larger 
to provide an outlet for it. 



149 


In turning live animals into meat and meat products, 
each worker usually has one thing to do. He may cut out 
the hams and bacon from hogs, he may assist in removing 
the hides from cattle, or he may make sausage or 
perform any one of hundreds of operations which are neces¬ 
sary before the animal is ready for the market in the form 
of meat and meat products. 

Certain meats, especially hams and bacon, must be cured 
and smoked, Some beef is picked and cured in other ways. 
Part of the meat is canned or made into sausage. In all 
Federally inspected packing plants, government inspectors 
examine all meat carefully and reject any meat which is 
diseased or not fit to eat. Everything about the packing 
plant is kept very clean and sanitary. 

Refrigeration plays an important part in the pack¬ 
ing industry. Beef kept at a temperature slightly above the 
freezing point will keep in good condition for about two 
weeks. By using the refrigerator car, it is possible to trans¬ 
port without spoiling for long distances, fresh meat from 
cattle which have been slaughtered near the places where 
they were raised. In this way, it has been able to supply the 
large cities of the East with meat from the West. 

The most remarkable feature of the packing industry 
is its economy. Every part of the animal except the mois¬ 
ture is used. No part is allowed to go to waste. Brushes 
are made from bristles; soap from waste fats and other parts; 
and fertilizer from material which cannot be used otherwise. 
The hide of course, is made into leather and the intestines 
are used for casings. Many other parts which cannot be 
eaten are turned into such things as combs, glue, tennis 
strings, artificial teeth, violin strings and lubricating oils. 

O’B II p- 180 


Buying Supplies for the Home 

We men and women who are keeping house should spend 
our money wisely. We can do this if we plan carefully We 
can plan carefully if we talk about the things we need for 
the home and find out what we must pay for them before we 
buy them. Then we shall not spend more than we can atiord. 


150 


We need some things and we want others. We cannot always 
have the things we want; we must buy the things we need 
first. 

Sometimes different stores charge different prices for the 
same articles. It is well to buy where the prices are low. If 
we plan what we want, then we are ready to buy when the 
prices are low. But we must only buy articles that are of 
good quality. It is not wise to buy things which are cheap 
unless they are also good. 

We should buy only foods that are kept clean, free from 
dust, and protected from flies, mice, cats and dogs. 

When we buy clothing we must buy that which we think 
will wear well. 

When we buy furniture we must be sure that it is strong, 
well made and good looking. 

It is foolish to buy cheap cooking utensils. Good ones 
last much longer. 

We must remember that money comes to us as a result 
of someone’s hard work. We should not waste it by buying 
carelessly or foolishly. We must get a good return for our 
money. 


1. If a family uses 28 quarts of milk in two weeks, how 

many quarts do they use per day? 

2. If the dinners for a family for a month of 31 days cost 

$47.12, what did one dinner cost? 

3. A family pays $50 per month rent. How much is the 

rent for one day? Use 30 days as a month. 

4. A pound of butter makes 48 servings. At how many 

meals can this be served to a family of eight? 

5. A pound of ground coffee contains 64 tablespoonfuls. 

How many times can I make coffee from a pound, if I 
use four tablespoonfuls at each meal. 



151 


Dress goods: 

Jersey_ $2.75 per yard 

Taffeta_ 1.29 “ 

Tricollettes_ 1.98 “ 

Bleached sheeting__ .59 

70-in. all linen damask_ 3.98 

Gingham___ .29 


6. What is the cost of 8 yards of wool jersey cloth? 


7. How much does 7 yards of silk taffeta cost? If I give the 
clerk a $10 bill, how much do I receive in change? 


8. How much must you pay for 9 yards of bleached sheet¬ 

ing? If you pay the clerk $7.50, what change should 
you receive? 

9. I go to the store and buy the following list of goods: 

4 yards gingham 
2 \ yards damask 
6 yards tricollette 

What is the total amount of this bill? I pay this bill with 
my husband’s weekly pay check of $46.78. How much 
change should I get back? Write the receipted bill. 

10 My pay envelope contains $48. We lay aside $16 for food. 
How much have we left for other expenses? 


11 From what is left I put aside $10 for rent, $1 for savings, 
$1 for lodge dues. I take out $5 for running expenses, 
$1 for car fare. The rest is for clothing and extras. 
How much do we have for clothing and extras? 

12. A man saves $3.50 per week. How much will he save in 

a year? 

13. I have $182 saved. How much must I put with it to make 

$200’ If I take my $200 to the bank and invest it 
according to their advice, at 6%, how much will my 
money earn for me in a year? 

14. Last month our gas meter read 54,800 cu. ft., and nowit 

reads 56,800 cu. ft. How much gas have we used and 
what will it cost at 75c per 1000 cu ft.? 








15. Last month my bills were: 

Gas_$1.50 

Telephone_ 2.00 

Electricity___ .60 

Water_ .50 


What is the total? How much should I lay aside to pay 
these bills next month? 

16. If 30c worth of water glass will preserve 15 doz. eggs, 

how much does it cost per doz. to keep them? 

If eggs cost 45c per doz. in summer and 75c in winter, 
what can be saved on one dozen by using water glass? 

17. A bushel of turnips weigh 60 lbs. 30% of it is waste. 

How many pounds do we have to eat? 

18. A bushel of parsnips weigh 50 lbs. 20% of it is waste. 

How much do we have to eat? 

19. A bushel of onions Weigh 55 lbs. 10% of it is waste. 

How much do we have to eat? 

Which is the cheaper of these two recipes? 


How to Estimate the Cost of a Recipe 


Pop overs: 

2 c. flour 
2 c. milk 
4 eggs 
\ tsp. salt 


Baking powder biscuits 
2 c. flour 

2 tbsp. fat (shortening) 
4 tsp. baking pow der 
4 c. milk 
1 tsp. salt 


Flour at 9c per lb. is 2ic per cup. 

Milk at 18c per qt. is 4|c per cup. 

Eggs at 48c per doz. are 4c a piece. 

Baking Powder at 50c per lb. is |c per tsp. 
Fat at 40c per lb. is lie per tbsp. 

Cost of salt is too small to estimate. 







2 c. flour _ _ 

__ $.04i 

2 c. milk_ 

___ .09 

4 eggs_ 

___ .16 

\ tsp. salt 

$.291 


2 c. flour_$.04i 

2 tsp. fat_. 02-2 

4 tsp. baking powder .02 

| c. milk_*_ .03| 

1 tsp. salt_ 


$.121 


Have the members of the class figure cost of recipes and 
meals. 


Table Measurements 

3 teaspoonfuls (tsp.)=T tablespoon (tbsp.) 
8 tbsp.=i cup (c.) 

16 tbsp.=l c. 

2 c.=l pint (pt.) 

4 c.=l quart (qt.) 

4 c. flour=l pound (lb.) 

2 c. sugar=l lb. 

2 c. butter=l lb. 

2 tbsp.=l oz. 

2 c. baking powder=l lb. 

All these measures should be level. 

O’B II p. 185 


The State University 

The University of Minnesota is located in Minneapolis. 
This school is open to men and women. The tuition is very 
small to the residents of the state. Students from other 
states and countries may enter also. Their tuition is more. 
At the university the student can fit himself for many differ¬ 
ent kinds of work: business, teaching, law, medicine, dentist¬ 
ry, engineering, and agriculture. The work is practical and 
directly related to the life of the people in_ the state. The 
university tries to improve agricultural methods, the Uni¬ 
versity farm is located between St. Paul and Minneapolis at 
St. Anthony park. The university promotes the welfare of 
the state. It raises the standard of education and health. 












154 


The courses of study in the public schools lead toward 
the university. A pupil from a good high school may be ad¬ 
mitted on his diploma. Others must take an examination be¬ 
fore entering. 

The university has about five thousand students every 
year. The instructors number four hundred. It receives 
$45,000.00 for its support from the United States government 
each year. The university also receives .23 mills tax on all 
the property in the state, fees from the students, and the 
proceeds from the sale of products from the University farm. 
The legislature appropriates from $80,000.00 to $200,000.00 
per year for repairs and new buildings. 

O’BlIp. 191 


Household and Personal Budgets 

Every business firm that runs its affairs carefully has a 
budget. A budget is a plan for spending the money of the 
firm. The officers decide what should be spent for rent, 
salaries, advertising, and new goods. Then they decide how 
much money they will have for the year and place so much 
in each of these funds. When a department has spent all of 
its money for the year, no more can be gotten until the end 
of the year. This is done to prevent one department from 
securing more than its share of the money. It is not wise to 
pay too much for rent or to pay to little for salaries or for 
advertising. 

Every home should be run on the budget plan, also. 
Careful plans should be made so as to spend the wages in 
the very best way possible. The table below shows one 
method of dividing the income: 


Yearly Income 

Food 

Shelter 

Clothing 

Operating 

Expenses 

Advancem’t 

$1000—$1500 

35% 

20% 

13% 

16% 

16% 

1510- 2500 

28 

20 

13 

19 

20 

2500— 3500 ____ 

24 

16 

14 

21 

25 

v 3500— 5000 

20 

15 

16 

18 

1 31 




















155 


Food includes all meat, groceries, vegetables, milk, bread, 
and meals at restaurants. Shelter includes rent or payments 
on a home, interest on a mortgage, taxes, fire insurance and 
repairs. Operating expenses include heat, light, water, fuel, 
ice, hired help, laundry, telephone and replacement of home 
furnishings. Advancement includes savings, educational ex¬ 
penses, church dues, club dues, concerts, personal expenses 
and expenses for health and recreation. While you may not 
spend your money just the way the table shows, you should 
have some systematic way of spending. Some people spend 
much on food and very little for advancement. The mental 
side of your natures must be cultivated and fed as well as 
your bodies. 


1. If your income is $1625.00, how much should be put into 
each fund? 


2 . 


3. 

4. 


5. 


6 . 


How much should be spent for food each month? For 
shelter? For clothing? For operating expenses? For 
advancement? No one spends the same amount of 
money for clothing each month. The money is saved 
for this fund and then used two or three times each 
year for suits, hats, shoes, underclothing, and coats. 

If your income is $100 per month, how much will go into 
each of these funds? 


A mechanic earns $42 per week. How much does he earn 
per month 7 Per year? According to the above table 
how much should be paid for shelter during the year? 
Per month? If he cannot rent a suitable house tor less 
than $40 per month, he must pay the $40 and take the 
extra money from some other fund. From what iund 
do you think he could take the money? 

A teacher receives *145 per month for ten months. She 
must save enough during the ten months to live during 
the summer. How much should she pay for her room 
each month? Does a teacher pay operating expenses? 
How? How much can she really afford to pay for her 
room? 

What is your yearly income? Do you spend your money 
correctly according to these budget tables. 


O’B II p. 191 




156 


Spending Money 

Many people save their money very carefully. Then 
they put it into the bank and keep it. These people can be 
sure that they will never be dependent upon somebody else 
to support them. When jobs are scarce and men are out of 
work each city furnishes free beds and free meals to many 
men. Some of these men are old and have not been able to 
earn or save much money, but others are young men who 
spent their money foolishly. It is too bad that those who do 
save must help to support those who squander their money. 
Those who waste their money are found in the bread lines or 
in the missions where free beds are given. Sometimes poor 
people are helped by their friends or relatives and thus the 
public is saved this burden. There are also many churches 
and charitable organizations that help poor people. Some 
poor people who apply to them are poor because they are too 
lazy to work and save their money. Many others come to 
ask help who need it very much and deserve to be helped. 
Sometimes the father has been sick for a long time, and so 
there is no money to buy food, coal, and clothing. Sometimes 
the father has been killed and so there is 'no one to earn the 
living for the family. Such people should be helped and de¬ 
serve our sympathy, because they are unfortunate and cannot 
help it. 

Benjamin Franklin says, “The use of money is all the 
advantage there is in having money/ ’ 

Some people who have always saved their money, do not 
know how to spend it. After they have a good deal of money 
saved and when they could make very good use of it, they 
do not know how; they are not able to enjoy their money. 

There is an old, old story of a very rich king, Midas, who 
wanted much gold. So a fairy gave him the golden touch. 
Everything he touched turned to gold. His bed turned to 
gold, flowers turned to gold, even the floor turned to gold at 
his touch, and he was delighted. But he was dismayed when 
he tried to eat, for his food turned to gold. Worst of all, 
when he touched his beautiful little girl she turned to gold. 
He was starving and his little girl was a golden statue. You 
may be sure that King Midas had the fairy take away the 
golden touch and restore his little girl to him. 



157 


Money is worth nothing in itself. It will buy for us food, 
clothing, a new house, a trip to the circus, an education for 
the children, books and music. Some people do not buy the 
nice things they are able to purchase. They do not have the 
good times they could have because they want to save their 
money. Those people who do not have good times are not 
happy. Those who are not happy, do not live as long as 
those who are happy. Of what use is your money when you 
are dead? Spend some of your money to have good times 
and be happy but save enough to provide for your old age. 

O’B II p. 194 


How Our Government Works 

Do you know how your government works? Do you 
know to whom you should go to secure the rights and privil¬ 
eges which are yours? Below are some questions about our 
Icity government. These are very common questions that 
need to be answered every day. If you cannot answer them 
W do not know enough about our government to be a good 
citizen of Duluth. 

/ I Because of a recent epidemic in your part of the city, 
J the people feel that new health regulations are neces- 
] sary. 

I 1. To what department of the city government 

would you take this matter? 

2. Who is at the head of this department? 

3. How may a new ordinance be proposed by the 

citizens? 

II. The city council has passed an ordinance, regarding the 
traffic on Third avenue west and Superior street, which 
the people do not like. 

1. How can the voters have the ordinance with- 
V drawn? 



458 

III. One of the commissioners does not do his work as well 

as the people think he should. The people feel that 
he is harmful to the city. 

1. How may he be removed from office? 

IV. The street in front of the house you own is very muddy. 

You and your neighbors believe that the street should 
be paved. 

1. To what department would you refer this mat¬ 

ter? Who is at the head of this department? 

2. How may you find out what it will cost you? 

3. Can you stop the paving if you think it will cost 

too much? How? 

4. Ho the property owners on that street pay for 

all of the cost of paving? 

V. If the street light in front of your house was not work¬ 

ing, to whom would you report it? Who is at the head 
of this department? 

VI. If you have an auto you must pay a wheelage tax. To 

whom do you pay this tax? Who is at the head of this 
department? 

VII. People living across the street from a certain park in 

this city are disturbed every night at a late hour by 
the boisterous talk of loiterers. To what department 
should this be reported? Who is at the head of this 
department? What other work has this department? 

Henry Hastings Sibley and 
Alexander Ramsey 

We have read about the men who settled around St. 
Anthony Falls for the purpose of trading for furs with the 
Indians. This business became so profitable that some rich 
men formed a company called the American Fur company. 
They built a large storehouse at Mendota, a place a little 
distance from the falls. 



159 


The managers of the company hired a young man by the 
name of Henry Hastings Sibley to come and take charge of 
the business. This young man was only twenty-three years 
of age when he came. He was an American, having been 
born in Detroit, Michigan. 

Although he was young, he had had a good education 
and a great deal of experience with the crude pioneer life 
and with Indian life. He knew how to control and keep the 
respect of the rough men who went far up and down the 
Mississippi river trapping, hunting, and trading for furs. He 
managed his business wisely and he was always fair in his 
dealing with both the Indians and the white men. Because 
of his honesty, he was made justice of the peace. 

In these days the office of justice of the peace is a very 
small one, but in those days it was the only court along the 
Mississippi for hundreds of miles. All kinds of questions 
were brought to Judge Sibley to decide. Both red men and 
white men came to him to settle their troubles. 

There were less than five thousand people in Minnesota 
at that time and they were scattered far apart. But they 
were American people who wanted to take part in the United 
States government. They wanted a local government of 
their own so they could send representatives to congress. 
But it takes a great deal of money to run a state government 
and there were not enough people in Minnesota to help pay 
for it. A state government has to have a capitol building to 
hold the meetings of the legislature and to hold the office 
rooms for all the state officers and their record books. The 
state officers have to be paid. The people pay for all this by 
taxing themselves. The people decide for themselves how 
much they want to be taxed. 

As the people could not afford a state government, they 
asked Congress to organize Minnesota into a territory, which 
is the next best thing. The United States government helps 
to pay a great deal of the expenses of a territory. It pays 
all the salaries of the officers appointed by the president. 

Minnesota became a territory in 1849. President Taylor 
appointed a governor for Minnesota. Mr. Henry Sibley was 
elected by the citizens a delegate to Congress. A delegate 
from a territory can talk in Congress but he cannot vote on 
any question in Congress. The citizens of Minnesota made 


160 


most of their own laws. Their legislature use to meet in the 
dining room of a little hotel in the small village of St. Paul 
to make these laws. When it was meal time, they had to 
adjourn to let the waiters set the tables. All their laws were 
looked over by Congress in a big brotherly way to see if 
they were wise and just. 

The first governor of the Minnesota territory whom 
President Taylor appointed was Mr. Alexander Ramsey. Mr. 
Ramsey was a very good and upright man. He and Mr. Sib¬ 
ley became firm friends. They belonged to different 
political parties but they respected each other. Friendship 
is based on respect. 

All the Indians trusted Mr. Sibley because of his honesty, 
and Mr. Sibley liked the Indians. He ate with them, visited 
with them, traded with them, and learned their language. 
They learned to like Mr. Sibley’s friend, Mr. Ramsey, and to 
trust him to. 

But the Indians did not like all the white people who 
came to Minnesota. They tried to kill them or drive them 
out of their hunting grounds. Because of this, Minnesota did 
not grow very fast for a long time, for settlers were afraid 
to come because of the Indians. Governor Ramsey and Mr. 
Sibley thought something must be done to make the Indians 
like the white settlers. Governor Ramsey called all the 
Indian chiefs together and made a treaty with them. A 
treaty is a written promise between two parties. They both 
agree to do certain things. In this treaty the Indians prom¬ 
ised to stay on certain lands called reservations and not to 
harm the white settlers. The whites promised to pay the 
Indians for the rest of the land. The Indians were to be 
paid a large sum of money each year until the debt was paid. 
This treaty was signed in 1851. 

After this treaty was signed, people were not afraid to 
come to Minnesota to live. They came pouring in so fast by 
wagons, by canoes, and on horseback, that by 1858 there were 
nearly 200,000 inhabitants in Minnesota. There were enough 
people now to support a state government. The settlers 
asked Congress to let Minnesota become a state so that they 
could elect their own governor and have Votes in Congress. 
Congress gave them this permission, and Minnesota became 
a state in 1858. 


161 


A new star was then added to the United States flag. 
The flag then had 32 stars. Whenever a new state is added 
to the United States, a new star is put in the flag on the 
following Fourth of July. Do you know how many stars are 
in the flag now? 

Mr. Sibley was elected by the citizens of Minnesota as 
their first state governor. Two years afterward they elected 
Alexander Ramsey as the second state governor. Who is 
our state governor now? 

While Mr. Ramsey was governor of the state of Minne¬ 
sota, 1860, the great Civil war between the northern and 
southern part of the United States began. The South wanted 
the negroes for slaves and the North did not. The North won 
and the negroes were set free. The battle of Gettysburg 
was the battle which decided that the North had won the war. 

The citizens of Minnesota are very proud of the fact that 
their state was the very first state in the North to offer sol¬ 
diers to President Lincoln. In the decisive battle of Gettys¬ 
burg, the First Minnesota regiment did a great service to 
the Union. The First regiment had only two hundred and 
sixty-two men left in it. They were ordered to attack many 
times their number, and they did so. They held their part 
of the battlefield but at terrible loss. Only forty-three were 
not wounded. 

Minnesota had a hard time during the Civil war. She 
had to give soldiers for the war, and also protect her own 
citizens against the Indians. The Indians were tired of their 
reservations. They were not getting money from the gov¬ 
ernment for their land. The United States was using all her 
money in the Civil war, and got behind in her payments to 
the Indians. The Indians could not understand this and 
thought the white people wanted to cheat them. They knew 
that most of the white men were away somewhere fighting. 
They thought it would be an easy thing to kill off all the 
whites and get their old land back again. They broke their 
treaty and led by the great Indian chief, Little Crow, killed 
hundreds of men, women, and children in the most horrible 

Way Governor Ramsey asked Mr. Henry Sibley to help him 
conquer the Indians. Mr. Sibley organized a small band of 
soldiers and drove the Indians back to their reservations. A 




162 


good man by the name of Bishop Whipple then helped to 
bring about a peaceful understanding between the Indians 
and the whites. Minnesota had no more Indian troubles. 

President Lincoln made Mr. Sibley a brigadier-general 
because he was so pleased with the work Mr. Sibley had 
done. Later President Hayes made Mr. Ramsey his secre¬ 
tary of war. 

Minnesota has good reason to honor the memory of these 
two great men, Henry Hastings Sibley and Alexander Ram¬ 
sey. 

O’B II p. 197 


A Brief History of Minnesota 
from 1865 to 1921 



In the lives of Henry H. Sibley and Alexander Ramsey 
we read about how Minnesota became first a territory and 
then a state. We also read about her troubles with the In¬ 
dians and Tier noble part in the Civil war. 

Now we shall find out what has made Minnesota one of 
the leading states in the United States. We will begin with 
the early settlers of Minnesota. We do this, for of course, 
a state is just what its people make it. 

Minnesota is justly proud of her settlers. They are con¬ 
sidered by historians to have been of a high type. The for¬ 
eign born who came here, as well as the native born, were 
those who came to make homes for themselves and not for 
mere speculation. There were no railroads so the pioneer 
brought his family in heavy covered wagons. He drove his 
livestock behind the wagons. Many times he had to make his 
own road. When he found a spot that he liked, he built a 
house of logs if he were in or near the woods. If he were on 
the prairie, he built a house of sod. There was almost no 
furniture in these houses. The women wove their own cloth 
and spun their own yarn for stockings. Often the family shoes 
were made at home from skins of animals. They had to be 
on guard constantly against ugly or thieving Indians. All 
their farm products had to be transported to a far-away 
market by river or by wagon road. 


1(53 


After the Indian treaties of 1851, many people came into 
Minnesota to live. They began to ask for railroads on which 
to ship their produce. Congress gave the territory of Min¬ 
nesota for railroad construction, a grant of public lands 
equal in area to one-tenth of the present state, or over eight 
thousand four hundred square miles. The state legislature 
also gave large sums of money to aid in building railroads. 
There were many mistakes and many failures but finally the 
railroads were put on a sound financial basis. 

In the beginning, lumbering was the principal industry 
in Minnesota. Forests covered five-eighths of the state. 
Trees were cut into logs and floated down streams to saw¬ 
mills. There were great lumber camps at Winona, Stillwater, 
Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Duluth. The supply of timber 
seemed inexhaustible in those days so no thought was given 
to conserving or replanting the forests. In time the lumber 
business reached its height, in 1905, and then began to go 
down. We are now confronted by the fact that if our re¬ 
maining forest lands are not replanted and protected from 
fire, Minnesota will be without timber. So the legislature 
has established a. state forestry board. This board provides 
ways and means of protecting and conserving our timber 
lands. Many men are employed by this board. 

When Minnesota became a state in 1858, it is recorded 
that her citizens had their flour shipped in from neighboring 
states. But after railroads were built, the farmers began to 
raise wheat on the prairies. There are two kinds of wheat, 
spring and winter wheat. The spring wheat was the easiest 
for the pioneer to raise but it was not worth much to him 
for it made poor flour. In 1870 a new method of milling 
spring wheat was invented. By this method spring wheat 
made better flour than winter wheat. Spring wheat sold for 
a good price from that time on. Farmers settled in the Red 
River valley and raised great fields of spring wheat, for 
many years Minnesota was the leading wheat producing 
state in the Union. Now the farmer makes a specialty of 
stock raising as well as wheat producing and Minnesota has 
become “the bread and butter state ” Minneapolis is the 
leading flour-milling city in the world. Flour from Minne¬ 
apolis goes to all parts of the world. 1 
of the leading states in flax, barley and potatoes. 


Minnesota is also one 


164 


The life of the farmer has undergone many changes in 
the last fifty years. The farmer has learned to farm his land 
to the best advantage. He has learned this through the 
farm papers that come daily to his door by the free rural 
mail delivery. He has learned this through the agricultural 
schools and stations in this state. His sons are trained in 
scientific farming. His daughters are trained in domestic 
science. Many wonderful labor-saving machines have been 
invented, as the harvester, the traction engine, and the gas¬ 
oline motors for pumping, washing and churning. The auto¬ 
mobile makes it possible for close contact with city life. In 
fact, the farmer has all the advantages of city life with but 
few of its disadvantages. In consequence of these advan¬ 
tages, farm land has increased greatly in value. But Minne¬ 
sota is a large state and still has much cheap, uncultivated 
land waiting for someone to buy and improve it. 

In the northern part of the state iron ore was discovered 
soon after the Civil war. The first shipment of ore was made 
in 1884 from the Vermillion range. Later the Mesaba range 
was found to be exceedingly rich in iron. The first shipment 
was made from there in 1892. In 1911 the Cuyuna range 
began shipments. If the iron from Minnesota had been 
withheld from the Allies, they would not have won the great 
World war. St. Louis county is the greatest iron producing 
region in the world. Alsace Loraine ranks next. 

Minnesota is an interesting state in its history and in its 
geography. It is in itself a complete country. Its greatest 
length is four hundred and eight miles. It is more than one- 
half the size of Norway, one-half the size of Japan or Swe¬ 
den, more than one-third the size of France, and two-thirds 
the size of England. It gives room for nearly every line of 
industry. It has room for many times its present population. 
Minnesota is a state of opportunity. 


O’B II p. 197 
M & C p. 70-76 


165 


Enforcement of the Law 

The governor with his helpers sees that the laws are 
faithfully executed. The governor is the chief executive of 
the state. To hold this office, he must be a citizen of the 
United States, twenty-five years of age, and a resident of the 
state one year before election. He is elected for two years. 
The duties of the governor are similar to those of the presi¬ 
dent. He informs the legislature of the condition of the 
state. He is commander-in-chief of the state militia. The 
state militia is used to enforce the state laws and to protect 
the life and property in the state. The federal government 
may also use the state militia for national defense. In Min¬ 
nesota the “active militia’ ’ is called the Minnesota National 
Guard. 

The governor may call an extra session of the state 
legislature if he thinks it necessary. 

The veto power of the governor is very important. By 
using this power he may prevent the legislature from passing 
laws hastily. 

With the consent of the Board of Pardons, he may 
pardon a person who has committed an offense against the 
state. 

The governor’s helpers, who are elected by the people, 
are the lieutenant governor, the secretary of state, the 
auditor, the treasurer, and the attorney general. 

The lieutenant governor is the president of the senate. 
If a vacancy occurs in the office of governor, the lieutenant 
governor fills the vacancy. 

The secretary of state keeps the seal and papers ot the 
state. He records and publishes the laws. He prepares the 
election blanks and takes the state census every ten years. 

The auditor has a very important position. He holds his 
office for four years. He has charge of all lands owned by 
the state. He sees to the selling or leasing of them. He has 
to do with the state taxes. He prepares all the tax blanks 
and sends instructions to the county officers. The auditor 
must examine all state accounts and see that they are correct. 

The treasurer has charge of the money. He must keep 
an account of all money received and paid out. He can pay 
out money only on orders from the auditor. 




166 


The attorney general is the lawyer of the state. He ad¬ 
vises the state officials and represents the state in law suits* 

The governor may appoint men to fill vacancies which 
occur. The men appointed to fill vacancies hold office until 
the next general election. 

Besides appointing men to fill the vacancies, the gover¬ 
nor, with the consent of the senate, appoints officers to help 
with executive work. The following are some of the most 
important officers appointed: The state superintendent of 
public instruction, who has charge of schools in the state; 
the public examiner, who examines the accounts of banks 
and public institutions. Then there are the labor commis¬ 
sioner, the dairy commissioner, the insurance commissioner, 
state librarian, the railroad and warehouse commissioner, the 
board of control, and the board of health. 

The governor also may remove from office any officer 
whom he has appointed, who has not done his duty. 

O’B II p. 197 
M. & C. p. 70-72 
Plass p. 32, 36-39 


The Federal Courts 

The federal authorities found a complete outfit for mak¬ 
ing counterfeit money in Mr. Smith’s house. They also found 
new twenty-dollar bills that had been made by this machine. 
Mr. Smith was arrested by the federal authorities because he 
broke a federal law. The constitution states that only Con¬ 
gress shall have power to coin money. 

Mr. Graham was arrested for violating the liquor law. 
He was charged with smuggling liquor from Canada into the 
United States. He broke a federal law. The eighteenth 
amendment of the constitution says the bringing of intoxicat¬ 
ing liquors into the United States is prohibited. 

Thomas Bradley was charged with breaking into the 
post office. The post office is a federal building. His case 
must be tried by a United States court. 

These three cases mentioned must all be tried by the 
United States District court. The offenses were committed 
against the United States government. The United States 


167 


District court tries cases against the United States govern¬ 
ment which have not been heard in any other court. Cases 
are tried before a jury. The method is the same as in the 
State District court. 

If a person is dissatisfied with the decision of the United 
States District court, he may appeal the case to the United 
States Circuit Court of Appeals. The United States is 
divided into nine circuits, each of which contains at least 
three states. The circuit court of appeals holds court with¬ 
out a jury. The desision of this court is final and ends the 
case. 

The United States Supreme court meets in Washington 
only. It has no jury and hears witnesses in rare cases only. 
Lawyers state the arguments on each side. A majority of 
the j udges decide the case. 

The Supreme court has jurisdiction also over all cases 
concerning ambassadors and foreign representatives and any 
case in which a state is a party. 

Cases may be appealed to the Supreme court from the 
United States District court or from the highest court of a 
state or territory if it involves the United States constitution 
or the national law. 

O’B II p. 201 
M. & C. p. 60, 80-83 
Plass p, 91-92 


The President and His Cabinet 

The President is the chief executive of the nation. 
Besides being the chief executive, the President is the 
commander-in-chief of the entire military force, the army 
and navy of the United States. 

It is the chief duty of the President to see that all the 
national laws are enforced. With the consent of the senate, 
the President appoints ambassadors, ministers, and consuls 
to foreign countries. He appoints the judges of'the supreme 
court and of all other United States courts. The President 
receives the ambassadors and ministers sent to the United 
States to represent foreign nations. 


1(58 


Through his messages, the President gives information 
to Congress of the affairs of the nation, and recommends laws 
for the good of the country. Congress holds regular sessons 
from December until the middle of the next year. Then 
from December of the new year to the fourth of March. 
If the President thinks legislation is necessary when Con¬ 
gress is not in session, he may call a special session. 

One of the most important powers which the President 
has, is to veto any bill which congress may pass. If he does 
not approve of the bill, he does not sign it, but sends it back 
to Congress with his objections. This is the veto. A bill will 
not become a law unless two-thirds of the two houses of 
Congress vote for it after the president has vetoed it. A 
vetoed bill that receives a two-thirds vote is said to have been 
passed “over the veto.” 

The President may also give pardons for offenses against 
the United States. 

The President must be a native citizen of the United 
States. He must be thirty-five years of age or older. 

The President is elected for four years. His salary is 
$75,000 per year. 

A Vice-President is chosen at the same time the Presi¬ 
dent is chosen. One of the duties of the Vice-President is 
to preside over the senate. In case of illness or death of the 
President, the Vice-President becomes the chief executive 
officer of the nation. 

In the national government the work of enforcing and 
administering the law is divided into ten departments. Each 
of these departments has its official head. 

The heads of these departments together form the United 
States cabinet and is known as the President’s cabinet. The 
President, with the consent of the senate, appoints the cabi¬ 
net members. The President advises with his cabinet mem¬ 
bers upon all matters of importance to the government. 

The ten departments of the United States cabinet are: 

Department of State 

Department of Treasury 

Department of War 

Department of Navy 

Department of Interior 

Department of Post Office 


169 


Department of Justice 
Department of Agriculture 
Department of Commerce 
Department of Labor 

The department of commerce is divided into eight 
branches. Each of the branches has a chief. The secretary 
of commerce is at the head of these eight branches. Through 
these departments the secretary promotes foreign and do¬ 
mestic commerce. He developes the manufacturing, ship¬ 
ping, and fishery industries, and the transportation facilities 
of the United States. 

The department of labor looks after the welfare of the 
wage earner or laboring man of the United States. It is the 
duty of the secretary of labor to improve the working con¬ 
ditions. The object of this department is fairness between 
the wage earners and the employer, between the wage earn¬ 
ers themselves, between the employers, and between each 
of these and the public. This department aids the foreigner 
in many ways. Through the bureau of naturalization it es¬ 
tablishes night schools. Through the immigration bureau it 
aids the foreigners coming to our shores. 

O’BII p.207 
M & C p. 58-60 
Plass p. 66-90 

Some Additional Suffixes 

What do these words mean? 


1 . er, or , ist —one who. 


artist 

worker 

painter 

builder 

teacher 

druggist 

actor 
/ sailor 
florist 
auditor 
machinist 
governor 

less—' without. 


hopeless 

friendless 

colorless 

harmless 

useless 

/careless 

ceaseless 

changeless 


170 


3, let , ling —small, a little. 


rivulet 

gosling 

duckling 

birdling 

brooklet 

yearling 

streamlet 


able , ible —that may be. 


edible 

< portable 

usable 

reliable 

comfortable 

readable 

curable 

feasible 

possible 



5. ly —in a manner, like. 

womanly 

manly 

kindly 

quickly 

slowly 

6. y —having. 


poorly 

greatly 

gently 

neatly 

^friendly 


rainy 

lucky 

sunny 


muddy 

foggy 


7. ing— continuance. 

When adding ing to a word that ends in e, drop the e. 


moving 

going 

hoping 

doing 

living 

traveling 

riding 

singing 

' ing to these words: 

take 

make 

tell 

leave 

play 

rise 

come 

bite 

stay 

buy 


171 


Some Additional Prefixes 

All these words should be looked up In the dictionary. 
The root derivations of many of these words give the key to 
the exact meaning of the words. 

What do these words mean? 


1 . anti — against. 

antifat 
x antiseptic 
antichristian 


< antiskid antipode 

anticlimax anticorrosive 

^ antifriction anti-American 


2. pre —before. 

prefix 

prelude 

predisposed 

premeditate 


predict 

precede 

preamble 

premature 


prefer 

preprint 

preside 

• prepossession 


3. pro — for, before, forth. 


proceed 

proclaim 

procession 


4. post — after. 

postpone 

postscript 

postdate 


project 

produce 

progressive 


postgraduate 

postmortem 

postmeridiem 


provoke 

prolong 

promote 


postglacial 

postposition 


5. circum —to go around. 

circumference 

ycircumfuse 

circumspection 


circumnavigate 

circumvent 

circumbind 

circumscribe 


172 


6. hi —two. 

bicycle 

biped 

biannually 


biplane * bisect 

biweekly v bivolve 

^bilateral y bimonthly 


7. liemi— a half. 
semi — a half. 

semicircle 
v. hemicircle 
semiweekly 
\ semisavage 


< semimonthly 
semiannually 
semicolon 


8. trails —across. 

transit transfer 

trans-Atlantic transmit 

transportation ^ translate 


^ transform 
transgress 


9. re — back, again. 


repay 

react 

return 

remodel 

remove 


10. sub— under. 

subway 

submarine 

subnormal 

^submit 


repeat 

revisit 

recall 

rebate 

reappear 


submerge 
y subordinate 
n( subscribe 
subjugate 


< reflect 

< renew 
V reform 
y refresh 

readjust 


k subsconscious 
* sublet 
substitute 


178 


11. super — above, over. 


X supercede 
superficial 
superintendent 


supervisor 

superfine 

supernatural 


superstructure 

superabundance 


12. de — from, away, down. 


decay 
decease 
decline 
denounce 

V 


depend 

deduct 

depose 

decompose 



un — not. 


unable 
undone 
unbend 
• undressed 


unfriendly 

unanswered 

uncalled-for 

uncared-for 


deform 

deflect 

depart 

dethrone 


uncover 

uncertain 

undivided 

uncomfortable 


14. mis —wrongly. 


misuse 

mislead 

miscount 

misconstrue 


mislay 

misdoing 

misfortune 

misinterpret 


15. con— with, together. 


conclude consult 

condense constrict 

concentration construct 


misshape 

mistrust 

misrepresent 

misunderstanding 


convene 

converse 

converge 


O’B II p. 210 


174 


Government—A Summary 

We live under the jurisdiction of three governments, 
each having a constitution; legislative, judicial and executive 
departments; laws; taxing power; a definite assignment of 
territory, and rights which must be respected. 


Local Government 

A—THE CITY GOVERNMENT 

I. Constitution—City charter. 

II. Legislative Department. 

1. City council composed of five commissioners. 

III. Judicial Department. 

1. Municipal court. 

2. Two municipal judges and one assistant munici¬ 

pal judge. 

a. Elected by the people. 

b. He must be a resident of the county and 
admitted to the practice of law in the courts 
of Minnesota. 

c. Serve for four years. 

* 

IV. Evecutive Department. 

1. The city council. 

V. Laws—The city ordinances. 

VI. Taxing power—The commissioners levy the city tax. 

VII. Definite assignment of territory—Within the city lim¬ 
its. 


VIII. Rights which must be respected. 
Regulation of traffic. 


175 


B-THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT 

I. Constitution—State constitution. 

II. Legislative Department. 

1. County board composed of seven county 
commissioners. 

III. Judicial Department. 

1. County courts. 

a. Probate court. 

b. Probate Judge—Elected by the people and 
serves two years. 

IV. Executive Department. 

1. Sheriff. 

V. Laws—The right to lay out and alter county roads. 

VI. Taxing Power—The county commissioners levy the tax 

for county purposes. 

VII. Definite assignment of territory—Within the county 

limits. 

VIII. Rights which must be respected—The county has a 
right to form new school districts. 

C—THE STATE GOVERNMENT 

I. State Constitution. 

II. Legislative—The legislature. 

1. Senate—Sixty-seven senators. 

a. Apportioned according to population. 

b. Elected by the people. 

c. Be qualified voters of the state, shall have 
resided one year in the state, and six months 
immediately preceding the election in the 
district from which they are elected. 

d. Serve four years. 


176 


2. Representatives— 

a. Apportioned according to population. 

b. Elected by the people. 

c. Same qualifications as senators. 

d. Serve for two years. 

III. Judicial— 

1. Courts. 

a. Supreme court—One chief justice and four 
associate justices. 

b. District courts—Minnesota is divided into 
nineteen judicial districts. 

2. Judges. 

a. Elected by the people. 

b. A judge must be a man learned in law and 
a resident of the state from which he is 
elected. 

c. Serves for six years. 

IV. Executive— 

1. Governor and his helpers. 

a. Elected by the people. 

b. The governor must be a citizen, twenty- 
five years of age, and a resident of the state 
one year before election. 

c. Serves for two years. 

V. Laws—Compulsory education laws. 

VI. Taxing power—The state levies the “gross earnings 
tax.” 

VII. Definite assignment of territory—The state has its 
boundaries. 

VIII. Rights which must be respected—The school laws of 
the state. 


177 


National Government 


I. Constitution of the United States. 


II. Legislative Department—Congress. 

1. Senate—96 senators. 

a. Two senators from each state. 

b. Elected by the people. 

c. A senator must be thirty years of age, nine 
years a citizen, and a resident of the state 
from which he is elected. 

d. Serve for six years. 

2. House of Representatives—435. 

a. Apportioned according to population. 

b. Elected by the people. 

c. A representative must be twenty-five years 
of age, seven years a citizen, and a resident 
of the state from which he is chosen. 

d. Elected for two years. 


III. Executive Department— 

1. The president and his cabinet. 

a. The president is elected by electors. 

b. The president must be thirty-five years of 
age, a native born citizen, and a resident 
within the United States for fourteen years. 

c. He serves for four years. 


178 


IV. Judicial Department— 

1. Courts. 

a. Supreme court of the United States. 

b. United States Circuit Court of Appeals. 

c. United States District court. 

d. Various special courts. 

2. Judges—Chief‘justice of the Supreme court and 

eight associate judges. Other federal judges. 

a. Federal judges are appointed by the presi¬ 
dent, with the consent of the senate. 

b. They hold their office for life on good be¬ 
havior. 


V. Laws—The right to regulate interstate commerce. 


VI. Taxing power—Amendment XVI. Income tax. 


VII. Definite assignment of territory—Boundaries of the 
United States. 

VIII. Rights which must be respected-The United States 
has the right to coin money. 


O’B II p. 210 




179 


Spelling 

A few years ago a man decided to find out which are the 
most important English words. This man’s name was L. P. 
Ayres. He thought that the words which were used most 
often must be the most important ones. So he examined 
many social, business, and friendly letters. He found that 
1001 words make up 90% of our letters. So he said that those 
are the words we should learn to spell. He wrote a book 
and put this list of words in it. We have added fifty business 
words to his list: 


all 

will 

on 

stand 

live 

ball 

bill 

you 

hand 

Duluth 

call 

kill 

your 

what 

city 

small 

my 

street 

an 

in 

at 

is 

feet 

can 

into 

hat 

his 

and 

ran 

school 

that 

six 

land 

man 

book 


My ball is small. 

Will you call me at six? 

That is my hat. 

His hat is in his hand. 

Stand on your feet. 

The man lives in Duluth. 

I live in Duluth. 

Duluth is a city. 

Is that your book? 

On what street is your school? 
What is my bill? 





180 

play 

run 

with 

let 

he 

away 

under 

as 

get 

have 

say 

here 

has 

see 

walk 

day 

hear 

car 

seen 

talk 

today 

dear 

do 

water 

mother 

lay 

ears 

not 

me 

brother 

may 

eyes 

set 

we 

sister 


/vv 

/ w 


We see with our eyes. 

We hear with our ears. 

/ My car will not run. 

/ Do not run away. 
j My sister is here. 

/ Have you seen my brother? 

The man is in school. 

I He can walk to school.« 

I She ran to the street car. 

/ She will talk to your sister. 
| Have you my book? 


on 

our 

go 

time 

wrote 

for 

out 

ago 

shall 

cent 

nor 

home 

goes 

read 

ten 

bad 

went 

door 

last 

men 

had 

this 

shut 

night 

when 

glad 

two 

carry 

next 

then 

held 

to 

story 

month 

of 


/ I wrote to my brother last night. 

/ When shall you go home? 
j Shut the door. 

I What time is it? 
j It is time for baby to go to bed. 

I I have two eyes. 
u I have two ears, 
j He read a story to me last night. 

/ Our home is in Duluth. 

I What is this? 

1 Ten men went home. 

V I shall see you next month in the city. 


181 


be 

cold 

buy 

so 

child 

begin 

hold 

found 

no 

baby 

before 

cost 

ground 

soap 

who 

come 

lost 

she 

road 

up 

some 

red 

summer 

rode 

girl 

bring 

bed 

yard 

start 

boy 

ring 

by 

made 

table 

over 


I have been here before. 

Mother told her to buy some soap. 

The soap cost ten cents. 

Sister made up all the beds. 

Last summer was cold here. 

He found a ring. 

When will school begin? 

I shall call for you tonight. 

I am glad to see you. 

Come out and play ball with us. 

The boy and girl are in the yard at play. 
May I hold your books? 


lot 

people 

how 

sky 

like 

not 

both 

now 

try 

love 

got 

ever 

were 

why 

they 

hot 

every 

the 

us . 

three 

fell 

never 

if 

just 

wish 

well 

down 

box 

it 

where 

tell 

town 

her 

sit 

did 


What did you say? 

They will buy a house and lot. 
I see her every day. 

How do you do? 

I shall try to do it. 

We will walk down town. 
99,000 people live in Duluth. 
Who lives in that house? 

I like Duluth. 

I love my mother. 

He just went out that door. 
They will come here for us. 


182 

lesson 

make 

low 

flowers 

are 

many 

word 

high 

Friday 

only 

miss 

soft 

hurt 

busy 

once 

close 

wind 

watch 

very 

there 

white 

would 

which 

ice . 

alone 

while 

dead 

face 

own 

good 

other 

send 

race 

paper 

pretty 


The 


i 




child has his hands full of pretty flowers. 
The baby has a pretty face. 

Let us run a race. 

Ice is very cold. 

I have seen her only once this summer. 

The flowers are dead. 

I am very busy on Fridays. 

I wish you would look for them. 

Have you your lessons? 

That is his own home. 

Where is my paper? 

How many people were there? 


more 

am 

dog 

pen 

body 

case 

fix 

cow 

show 

father 

dress 

five 

pig 

jump 

said 

deep 

four 

big 

drown 

about 

keep 

kind 

him 

please 

push 

done 

most 

tree 

give 

cotton 

agai^i 

young 

pencil 

woman 

silk 


There were five pigs in the yard. 

Show me how to jump. 

It was a red cow. 

Jump over this box. 

Sit in this chair, please. 

A pen and pencil are on the table. 

She has a white dress. 

The dog did not drown in the deep water. 
Give me some more paper, please. 

The young woman came again to our house. 
It was a long time ago. 

The boy was kind to his dog. 




best 

file 

one 

Superior 

dollar 

ask 

from 

mile 

late 

dime 

air 

hard 

yes 

hill 

name 

fair 

gone 

point 

avenue 

north 

boat 

late 

nose 

block 

south 

eat 

law 

long 

chair 

east 

fine 

little 

belong 

teacher 

west 


f Who said that the wind had gone down? 
How many feet are in a yard? 

Do not be late to school. 

I What is your name? 

It is the best I can do. 

| What is the name of your teacher? 

How many dimes are in one dollar? 


took 

top 

burn 

them 

came 

look 

black 

but 

head 

much 

beg 

turn 

house 

sugar 

side 

leg 

egg 

coffee 

tea 

milk 

pint 

salt 

vinegar 

rice 

apple 

quart 

pepper 

meat 

fish 

bread 

dozen 

pound 

thread 

spool 

needle 


I sent for some eggs and sugar. 

I wish to have a pint of milk. 

Father will buy the bread and tea. 

Will you have some coffee? 

What is the cost of a quart of vinegar? 
Pass the pepper, please. 

,1 shall buy four spools of black thread. 
Jl want a pound of meat. 

Mother wants a dozen eggs. 

Did you burn your hand? 

Tell me all about it. 


184 

above 

does 

June 

plant 

such 

act 

doesn’t 

knew 

post 

Sunday 

add 

early 

lake 

put 

sure 

after 

East 

large 

quite 

take 

alike 

either 

led 

raise 

teach 

among 

end 

left 

reply 

than 

animal 

fall 

less 

rest 

thank 

April 

February 

letter 

ride 

their 

August 

feel 

line 

right 

there 

automobile 

feet 

May 

river 

thing 

back 

few 

meet 

running 

think 

band 

fire 

miss 

Saturday 

thought 

because 

foot 

Monday 

saw 

through 

began 

forget 

Mr. 

September throw 

begun 

form 

Mrs. 

seven 

told 

beside 

fourth 

new 

ship 

train 

block 

free 

nice 

show 

tree 

blue 

full 

nine 

sick 

two 

born 

game 

noon 

sold 

very * 

bought 

gave 

north 

son 

walk 

brought 

give 

nothing 

song 

war 

card 

gold 

November soon 

warm 

cast 

got 

October 

south 

wear 

catch 

guess 

old 

speak 

West 

cities 

help 

outside 

spent 

whole 

clothing 

herself 

page 

spring 

winter 

country 

hour 

pair 

stay 

world 

cover 

its 

part 

stone 

write 

cut 

jail 

pay 

stood 

year 

dark 

January 

place 

struck 

yet 

December 

across 

July 

class 

know 

please 

third 

afraid 

clean 

lady 

poor 

though 

afternoon 

clear 

learn 

pound 

Thursday 

age 

club 

leave 

price 

tonight 

along 

coming 

life 

rain 

too 

also 

company 

light 

reach 

toward 

another 

date 

line 

round 

truly 

anything 

daughter 

mail 

same 

Tuesday 



185 


around 

don't 

March 

sea 

uncle 

aunt 

easy 

maybe 

seem 

until 

await 

eight 

might 

sent 

upon 

bear 

even 

mile 

shed 

use 

become 

fail 

mine 

short 

vacation 

been 

family 

morning 

should 

want 

better 

felt 

most 

since 

way 

blow 

finish 

move 

sir 

Wednesday 

board 

fortune 

much 

sometimes 

week 

build 

friend 

name 

sorry 

when 

camp 

getting 

near 

spell 

where 

care 

glass 

number 

spend 

whether 

carried 

grand 

often 

stamp 

which 

cart 

half 

open 

still 

without 

chain 

hear 

ought 

stopped 

work 

chief 

heard 

party 

teacher 

worth 

children 

hope 

pass 

tenth 

yesterday 

Christmas 

horse 

pictures 

these 


church* 

inside 

piece 

they 



able 

account 

addition 

against 

allow 

almost 

already 

always 

answer 

anyway 

army 

arrive 

awful 

became 

beginning 

bridge 

buy 

cannot 

change 


collect 

comfort 

complaint 

contract 

crowd 

dash 

deal 

delay 

doubt 

drill 

driven 

enough 

enter 

express 

extra 

fifth 

fight 

figure 

forty 


grant 

happy 

herself 

however 

indeed 

lead 

list 

loss 

many 

measure 

mind 

minute 

nearly 

neighbor 

neither 

news 

order 

paid 

past 


print 

promise 

question 

quite 

railroad 

rather 

real 

receive 

region 

remain 

separate 

sight 

slide 

state 

station 

steamer 

stole 

stop 

suit 


suppose 

theater 

ticket 

together 

tomorrow 

track 

travel 

trip 

trouble 

trust 

unless 

visit 

whether 

whose 

within 

wonder 

would 



186 

appear 

early * 

itself 

pleasant 

suffer 

attend 

effort 

ladies 

police 

surprise 

believe 

else 

least 

prefer 

term 

built 

engine 

matter 

present 

their 

business 

enjoy 

mean 

press 

there 

capture 

escape 

member 

prove 

those 

cause 

evening 

money 

ready 

though 

center 

except 

motion 

really 

thus 

charge 

follow 

mountain 

reason 

tire 

check 

front 

o’clock 

remember 

true 

clerk 

great 

offer 

return 

understand 

copy 

guess 

omit 

rule 

wear 

death 

happen 

onqe ' 

says 

Wednesday 

died 

heard 

parent 

serve 

wire 

direction 

himself 

perhaps 

several 

woman 

doctor 

history 

person 

size 

women 

dollar 

human 

piece 

something 

wonderful 

dozen 

husband 

plan 

study 

wrote 

during 

aboard 

inform 

factory 

intend 

particular 

service 

accept 

famous 

invitation 

perfect 

sudden 

action 

farther 

judge 

population suggest 

address 

field 

knew 

possible 

sure 

between 

finally 

liberty 

probably 

system 

contain 

forty 

lose 

proper 

terrible 

direct 

friend 

machine 

public 

truly 

district 

general 

madam 

rate 

Tuesday 

duty 

gentleman navy 

restrain 

until 

each 

height 

necessary 

retire 

victim 

elect 

imagine 

none 

royal 

vote 

enough 

injury 

object 

salary 

weather 

especially 

inquire 

office 

search 

whether 

everything instead 

opinion 

serious 

whole 

fact 





187 


absence 

course 

entrance 

length 

recover 

accident 

decide 

expense 

manner 

regard 

according 

degree 

favor 

material 

sail 

although 

desire 

February 

meant 

sincerely 

amount 

destroy 

flight 

national 

subject 

article 

diamond 

further 

oblige 

unable 

athletic 

difference 

guest 

period 

usual 

auto 

different 

important 

power 

view 

beautiful 

education 

interest 

prison 

wait 

certain 

empire 

known 

rapid 

which 

common 

entire 





agreement 

employ 

information 

report 

application 

enclose 

judgment 

scene 

appoint 

engage 

minute 

section 

arrange 

estate 

newspaper 

select 

arrangement 

event 

popular 

service 

arrest 

final 

position 

special 

attempt 

firm 

president 

statement 

claim 

foreign 

primary 

success 

command 

forward 

private 

support 

condition 

government 

prompt 

tax 

connection 

guessed 

provide 

their 

convict 

height 

publish 

themselves 

debate 

impossible 

ready 

there 

decision 

imprison 

receipt 

unfortunate 

declare 

include 

refer 

whose 

disappoint 

due 

income 

repair 

written 







188 


annual 

improvement 

purpose 

tomorrow 

assist 

increase 

recent 

total 

attention 

local 

relative 

treasure 

avenue 

practical 

represent 

vessel 

citizen 

prepare 

request 

visitor 

complete 

principal 

result 

weigh 

consider 

principle 

separate 

wife 

director 

progress 

statement 

witness 

entertain 

property 

therefore 

wreck 

experience 

forenoon 

provision 

publication 

together 


affair 

concern 

flight 

political 

appeciate 

conference 

folks 

proceed 

associate 

cordially 

honor 

reference 

business 

distribute 

illustrate 

refuse 

celebration 

effect 

issue 

secretary 

century 

entitle 

objection 

summon 

character 

especially 

obtain 

testimony 

circular 

estimate 

official 

volume 

combination 

evidence 

organize 


adopt 

department 

election 

occupy 

argument 

develop 

justice 

relief 

assure 

difficulty 

majority 

respectfully 

colonies 

distinguish 

mention 

responsible 

committee 

earliest 

mere 

senate 

consideration 

convenient 

elaborate 

necessary 

separate 

allege 

extreme 

marriage 

secure 

circumstance 

immediate 

recommend 

system 

distribute 

judgment 

* 

association 

examination 

inspect 

preliminary 

career 

feature 

investigate 

session 

emergency 

importance 

organization 










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